1、PD ISO/TR 22100-3:2016 Safety of machinery Relationship with ISO 12100 Part 3: Implementation of ergonomic principles in safety standards BSI Standards Publication WB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06PD ISO/TR 22100-3:2016 National foreword This Published Document is the UK imple
2、mentation of ISO/TR 22100-3:2016. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee MCE/3, Safeguarding Of Machinery. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the nec
3、essary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016 ISBN 978 0 580 89568 5 ICS 01.120; 13.110; 13.180 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This
4、 British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 September 2016. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affected PUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD ISO/TR 22100-3:2016 ISO 2016 Safety of machinery Relationship with ISO 12100 Part 3: Impleme
5、ntation of ergonomic principles in safety standards Scurit des machines Relation avec lISO 12100 Partie 3: Mise en oeuvre des principes ergonomiques dans les normes de scurit TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 22100-3 Reference number ISO/TR 22100-3:2016(E) First edition 2016-10-01PD ISO/TR 22100-3:2016ISO/TR
6、22100-3:2016(E)ii ISO 2016 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photoco
7、pying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 7
8、49 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyrightiso.org www.iso.orgPD ISO/TR 22100-3:2016ISO/TR 22100-3:2016(E)Foreword v Introduction vi 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 T erms and definitions . 2 4 Strategy for risk assessment and risk reduction in relation to ergonomic hazards 2 4.1 General . 2 4.2
9、Significant ergonomic hazards in relation to ISO 12100 4 4.3 Potential consequences . 4 4.3.1 General 4 4.3.2 Discomfort . 4 4.3.3 Fatigue 5 4.3.4 Musculoskeletal disorders . 5 4.3.5 Stress 6 4.3.6 Human error 7 5 Incorporating ergonomics into the risk assessment process 8 5.1 Information for risk a
10、ssessment 8 5.1.1 General 8 5.1.2 Information for establishing assessment criteria . 8 5.2 Determination of limits of machinery (user aspects) . 9 5.3 Hazard identification . 9 5.3.1 General concept for identifying ergonomic hazards . 9 5.3.2 Determination of hazards based on essential characteristi
11、cs and capabilities of intended operator population . 9 5.4 Risk estimation 13 5.4.1 General.13 5.4.2 Risk estimation tools .13 5.5 Risk evaluation .13 5.5.1 General.13 5.5.2 Evaluating the risk reduction achieved by the application of ergonomic principles 13 5.5.3 Comparison of ergonomic risks .14
12、6 Risk reduction Design guidance .14 6.1 General 14 6.2 Risk reduction Human variability 14 6.3 Risk reduction Posture and movement space 15 6.4 Risk reduction Work rate and pattern 16 6.5 Risk reduction Human error .16 6.6 Risk reduction Operator/machine interface .17 6.7 Risk reduction Workplace e
13、nvironment .18 6.7.1 General.18 6.7.2 Visual factors 18 6.7.3 Auditory factors .19 6.7.4 Vibration factors19 6.7.5 Thermal factors 19 7 V erification of safety r equir ements .19 Annex A (informative) Standards dealing with ergonomics relevant to machinery design 20 Annex B (informative) Work system
14、 and machinery design 24 Annex C (informative) Er gonomics standar ds for specific applications 30 Annex D (informative) Example of part of the implementation of the ergonomic factors 31 ISO 2016 All rights reserved iii Contents PagePD ISO/TR 22100-3:2016ISO/TR 22100-3:2016(E)Bibliography .35 iv ISO
15、 2016 All rights reservedPD ISO/TR 22100-3:2016ISO/TR 22100-3:2016(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO techni
16、cal committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely w
17、ith the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria neede
18、d for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent r
19、ights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in
20、this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformit y assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) princip
21、les in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 199, Safety of machinery. ISO/TR 22100 consists of the following parts, under the general title Safety of machinery Relationship with ISO 12100: Par
22、t 1: How ISO 12100 relates to type-B and type-C standards Part 2: How ISO 12100 relates to ISO 13849-1 Part 3: Implementation of ergonomic principles in safety standards ISO 2016 All rights reserved vPD ISO/TR 22100-3:2016ISO/TR 22100-3:2016(E) Introduction The primary purpose of this document is to
23、 provide designers with an overall framework and guidance for decisions about ergonomic aspects during the development of machinery, to help them design machines that are safe for their intended use. As mentioned in ISO 12100:2010, 6.2.8, failure to follow ergonomic principles in design can result i
24、n the inadequate adaptation of machines to the capacities and skills of the intended user population and hence place their health or safety at risk. ISO 12100 describes an iterative process to reduce risks. This document describes the main ergonomic factors influencing the safety of machinery and gi
25、ves a framework for incorporating them into this design process. Mental (cognitive) aspects are also to be considered. For example, machines which are operated in an inappropriate manner or whose control devices are not clearly identifiable can lead to human error. This document is intended to guide
26、 users to make effective use of ergonomics standards within the context of machinery design. This document will help both ergonomics and machinery standards writers to incorporate the structure specified in ISO Guide 78.vi ISO 2016 All rights reservedPD ISO/TR 22100-3:2016Safety of machinery Relatio
27、nship with ISO 12100 Part 3: Implementation of ergonomic principles in safety standards 1 Scope This document describes the main ergonomic risk factors influencing the safety of machinery and gives a framework for incorporating them into the design of machines by the integration of important ergonom
28、ic principles relating to: avoiding stressful postures and movements during use of the machine; designing machines, and more especially hand-held and mobile machines, which can be operated easily; avoiding as far as possible noise, vibration, thermal effects; NOTE 1 The health effects of noise, vibr
29、ation and adverse thermal conditions are well-known and are not addressed here. However environmental factors can interact with machine design and risks arising from such influences are addressed in this document. avoiding linking the operators working rhythm to an automatic succession of cycles; pr
30、oviding local lighting on or in the machine; NOTE 2 Lighting of the machine or of the surrounding workplace by the machine can have a significant impact on the safety of machine operation and this risk is addressed by this document. selecting, locating and identifying manual controls (actuators) so
31、that they are clearly visible and identifiable and appropriately marked where necessary; selecting, designing and locating indicators, dials and visual display units. The approach is based on ISO 12100 with its iterative process to identify significant hazards and reduce risks. Relevant steps of thi
32、s iterative process have been adapted to include ergonomic principles, and practical guidance is given to apply standards dealing with ergonomics which are relevant for machinery design. This document is intended for use by standards writers and designers of machinery. It can be used when no relevan
33、t C-type standards are available. 2 Normative references The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of
34、the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery General principles for design Risk assessment and risk reduction TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 22100-3:2016(E) ISO 2016 All rights reserved 1PD ISO/TR 22100-3:2016ISO/TR 22100-3:2016(E) 3 T erms a nd definiti o
35、ns For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12100 and the following apply. ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: IEC Electropedia: available at http:/ /www.electropedia.org/ ISO Online browsing platform:
36、available at http:/ /www.iso.org/obp 3.1 ergonomics study of human factors scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among human and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well
37、-being and overall system performance SOURCE: ISO 6385:2004, 2.3 3.2 ergonomic hazard hazard arising from the failure to adequately consider ergonomic principles in machine design Note 1 to entry: For ergonomic hazards see also ISO 12100:2010, Table B.1, No. 8. 4 Strategy for risk assessment and ris
38、k reduction in relation to ergonomic hazards 4.1 General The risk assessment process carried out by designers in accordance with ISO 12100:2010, Clause 5, provides information that is required for the risk evaluation through which decisions can be taken whether risk reduction is necessary. These dec
39、isions have to be supported by a qualitative or, where appropriate, a quantitative estimation of the risk identified. This is to be met by taking into account both the risks normally considered in machine design, and those arising from failing to consider the principles of ergonomics. Figure 1 shows
40、 a schematic representation of the risk reduction process, derived from ISO 12100:2010, which illustrates how ergonomics can be integrated into the iterative three-step risk reduction process (including references to the relevant clauses in this document).2 ISO 2016 All rights reservedPD ISO/TR 2210
41、0-3:2016ISO/TR 22100-3:2016(E) Figure 1 Illustration of the integration of ergonomics into the iterative three-step design process for risk reduction (based on ISO 12100:2010, Figure 1) ISO 2016 All rights reserved 3PD ISO/TR 22100-3:2016ISO/TR 22100-3:2016(E) 4.2 Significant er gonomic hazar ds in
42、r elation t o ISO 12100 Designs which do not take ergonomics into account can have potential consequences such as discomfort, fatigue, musculoskeletal disorders, stress and human error (see 4.3). When these are identified as being associated with the machine, they are relevant ergonomic hazards. Con
43、sequences such as discomfort and fatigue can also lead indirectly to human error. If the potential consequences require specific action, then these are significant hazards and are as important as those arising from mechanical, electrical and other hazards (see ISO 12100:2010, Table B.1). NOTE 1 Disc
44、omfort and fatigue are relevant warning signals, as they can lead to occupational disease or to accidents and can influence performance and quality. NOTE 2 The term ergonomic hazard is used in ISO 12100 to describe hazards resulting from the failure to adequately consider ergonomics during the desig
45、n process. For consistency this term is therefore retained in this document. Table 1 shows an example comparing mechanical hazards with ergonomic hazards. Table 1 Comparison of mechanical and ergonomic aspects of hazards Work task: load/unload a machine Location of hazard: machine loading area Hazar
46、ds arising from the failure t o ade q u a t e l y c o n s i de r Mechanical aspects Ergonomic aspects Origin of hazard Sharp edge Sustained awkward posture Factors influencing the risk Surface characteristics Space for movement restricted Potential consequences Cutting Discomfort/Fatigue Harm Injury
47、, pain, bleeding Back pain, musculoskeletal disorders Severity of harm Light to serious damage to health Light to serious damage to health (reversible or chronic) 4.3 P ot ential c onsequenc es 4.3.1 General Taking ergonomic principles into account in designing machinery helps to reduce the mental o
48、r physical load on the operator. In turn this reduces strain and improves efficiency. It is important to consider these principles when allocating functions to operator and machine in the basic design. As outlined in ISO 12100, failure to consider these principles can have potential consequences for
49、 the health, safety and performance of the operator. Table B.1 of ISO 12100:2010 lists some of these consequences, which are described below. 4.3.2 Discomfort Discomfort refers to a lack of comfort, to a mental or physical uneasiness that is less intense and less localized than pain. On the contrary, comfort gives or brings aid, support, satisfaction. Comfort refers to a condition furnishing mental and/or physical ease. Sustained discomfort can lead to lack of attention or concentra
