1、Stress Corrosion Cracking of Corrosion Resistant Alloys in Halide Brines Exposed to Acidic Production GasAPI TECHNICAL REPORT 13TR1FIRST EDITION, NOVEMBER 2017Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and f
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16、1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Abbreviations and Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 Symbols . . . . . . . .
18、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Experimental Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19、. 33.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.2 Alloy Groups Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.3 Brines Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.1 Modified 13Cr Martensitic Stainless Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.2 Duplex and High-Ni Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Other Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135.1 More Severe Field Conditions . .
23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.2 Addition of Corrosion Inhibitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.3 Presence of Titrat
24、able Oxidant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175.4 Addition of O2Scavenger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Disc
25、ussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176.1 Alloy Composition and Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、. . . . . . . . 176.2 Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.3 Brine Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.4 Test Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196.5 Test Reproducibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196.6 Temperature Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206.7 Oxidants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206.8 Effect of Additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206.9
30、 SCC Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206.10 Galvanic Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206.11 Test Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206.12 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Annex A (informative) Test Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Annex B (informative) Stress vs Deflection Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Figures1 Crack Features of Alloy 25-32-3-125 (Test #64) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Effect of Cland Brine Density on SCC
35、 of Modified 13Cr, 50 psi CO2, 0.4 psi H2S, 225 F . . . . . . . 17B.1 Stress vs Deflection Analysis for the 13Cr-2Mo at 265 F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25B.2 Stressstrain Curves for the Two Mechanical Tests Performed on the 13Cr-2Mo at 265 F . . . .
36、. . . . . . 25B.3 Stress vs Deflection Analysis for the 13Cr-2Mo at 350 F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26B.4 Stressstrain Curves for the Two Mechanical Tests Performed on the 13Cr-2Mo at 350 F . . . . . . . . . . 26vContentsPageTables1 API Test Protocol
37、s in Autoclave Testing in Halide Brines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Standard and Modified 13 % Chromium SSs, Duplex SSs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 High Nickel SSs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Actual Mechanical Properties of Alloys Used in Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Brine Compositions Cited . . . . . . . . .
39、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Halide Anions Molar Concentration in Brines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 API Tests of Modified 13Cr in Halide Br
40、ines + CO2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Effect of Molar Halide Concentration on SCC in 11.0 ppg Brines + CO2on U-bends of Alloy 13-6-2 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Additional Tests of Modified 13Cr + CO2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010 Tests of Modified 13Cr in Halide Brines + CO2and H2S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011 Effect of O2on SCC of Modified 13Cr Tests in 11.6 ppg CaCl2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112 Tests of Modified 13Cr in Aerated Bromide Brines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43、 . . . 1213 Aerated Brines: Effect of Brine and Temperature on SCC of 13-6-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1314 90-day Tests of Modified 13Cr, N2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315 Tests
44、of Duplex SS + CO2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1416 Tests of Duplex SSs and High-Ni Alloys in 14.2 ppg CaBr2, + CO2and H2S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1517 Tests of Duplex SSs + Air
45、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1618 Tests of High-Ni Alloys at 425 F to 450 F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1619 Modified 13Cr T
46、ests of 14.2 CaBr2+ CO2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19IntroductionA program partly sponsored by the American Petroleum Institute (API) studying the interaction of completion brines and corrosion-resistant alloys (CRAs) has be
47、en underway for several years. An earlier paper 1 addressed the effect of thiocyanate (SCN) corrosion inhibitor on promoting stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in CRAs exposed to halide brines, with a link to field failures. The current paper addresses SCC risks upon exposure of brines to an ingress of
48、 acidic production gas (CO2or CO2 + H2S) or to air, both of which, have resulted in field failures. Test protocols are presented. Brine severity is related to halide ion concentration, including formation of complex ions with. Testing focused on a group of 13Cr martensitic stainless steels alloyed w
49、ith Ni and Mo, with more limited tests of duplex stainless steels (SS) and high-Ni alloys. SCC results are presented in relation to alloy resistance and to test variables, including temperature, pH, and additives to the brine.vi1Stress Corrosion Cracking of Corrosion Resistant Alloys in Halide Brines Exposed to Acidic Production Gas1 Scope The annular space between the production tubing and the carbon steel casing is filled with a dense fluid, typically a halide salt. In wells with corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) tubing, SCC of the CRA tubing OD or auxiliary compone
