1、Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 11.2.1 and 11.2.1 M-Compressibility Factors for Hydrocarbons: 0-90“ API Gravity and 638-1074 Kilograms per Cubic Metre Ranges of Provers Chapter 11.2.3 and 11.2.3M-Water Calibration Computer Tape Information and Documentation FIRST EDITION, AUGUST 19
2、84 American Petroleum Institute Helping You Get The Job Done R-Y Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 11.2.1 and 11.2.1 M-Compressibility. Factors for Hydrocarbons: 0-90API Gravity and 638-1074 Kilograms per Cubic Metre Ranges of Provers Chapter 11.2.3 and 11.2.3M-Water Calibration Comp
3、uter Tape Information and Documentation Measurement Coordination Department FIRST EDITION, AUGUST 1984 American Petroleum Institute Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implicating or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use in connection with any
4、 method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent nor as indemnifying any- one from or against any liability for infringement of letters patent. This publication may be used by anyone desiring to do so. The Institute hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damag
5、e resulting from its use; for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which an API publication may conflict; or for the infringement of any patent resulting from the use of an API publication. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliabilit
6、y of the data presented. Copyright Q 1984 American Petroleum Institute This publication and computer tape provide tables to correct hydrocarbon vol- umes metered under pressure to corresponding volumes at the equilibrium pressure for the metered temperature and to calibrate volumetric provers. Table
7、s are pro- vided in customary and metric (SI) units. Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the director, Mea- surement Coordination Department, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. iii MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE ON STATIC PETROLEUM MEASUREMENT
8、 WORKING GROUP ON COMPRESSIBILITY F. P. Gielzecki (Retired) Imperial Oil, Ltd. R. A. Griffith (Chairman) Getty Trading and Transportation Company J. A. Hamshar Cities Service Oil and Gas Corporation K. T. Liu, Ph.D. Gulf Research and Development Company M. A. Plumer, Ph.D. Marathon Oil Company J. Po
9、lowek Interprovincial Pipe Line Ltd. G. W. Singletary Texas Eastern Transmission Company G. W. Swinney (Retired) Phillips Petroleum Company iv CONTENTS Page COMPUTER TAPE INFORMATION . vii CHAPTER 11.2. 14OMPRESSIBILITY FACTORS FOR HYDROCARBONS: O-90“API GRAVITY RANGE 11.2.1.1 scope . 1 11.2.1.2 His
10、tory and Development 1 11.2.1.3 Data Base and Limits of the Standard . 1 11.2.1.4 Example Use of the Standard 1 11.2.1.5 Mathematical Model for the Standard . 3 11.2.1.5.1 Basic Model and Uncertainty Analysis . 3 11.2.1 S.2 Calculation Procedure . 3 11.2.1.6 References . 4 Text Tables 1-Data Base an
11、d Experimental Conditions for Chapter 11.2.1. 2 3 2-Volumetric Uncertainty Analysis for Chapter 11.2.1. . Figure l-Comparison of Data Base and Extrapolated Regions for Chapter 11.2.1 2 CHAPTER 11.2. lM-COMPRESSIBILITY FACTORS FOR HYDROCARBONS: CUBIC METRE RANGE 638-1074 KILOGRAMS PER 11.2.1.1M Scope
12、 . 4 11.2.1.2M History and Development 4 11.2.1.3M Data Base and Limits of the Standard . 4 11.2.1.4M Example Use of the Standard 5 11.2.1.5M Mathematical Model for the Standard . 5 11.2.1.5.1M Basic Model and Uncertainty Analysis . 5 11.2.1.5.2M Calculation Procedure . 7 11.2.1.6M References . 7 Te
13、xt Tables l-Data Base and Experimental Conditions for Chapter 11.2.1M . 6 7 2-Volumetric Uncertainty Analysis for Chapter 11.2.1M. . Figure l-lomparison of Data Base and Extrapolated Regions for Chapter 11.2.1M 6 CHAPTER 11.2.3-WATER CALIBRATION OF 11.2.3.1 Scope . 8 8 8 VOLUMETRIC PROVERS 11.2.3.2
14、History and Development 11.2.3.3 Type and Limits of the Standard V 11.2.3.4 Example Use of the Standard 8 11.2.3.5 Mathematical Model for the Standard . 9 11.2.3.6 Uncertainty Analysis 9 11.2.3.7 References . 9 CHAPTER 11.2.3M-WATER CALIBRATION OF VOLUMETRIC PROVERS 11.2.3.1M Scope . 9 11.2.3.2M His
15、tory and Development 9 11.2.3.3M Type and Limits of the Standard 9 11.2.3.4M Example Use of the Standard 10 11.2.3.5M Mathematical Model for the Standard . . 10 11.2.3.6M Uncertainty Analysis 10 11.2.3.W References . 10 vi COMPUTER TAPE INFORMATION The two computer tapes (ASCII or EBCDIC) contain th
16、e following tables in the order indicated. File No. 1 Chapter 11.2.1-Table of Compressibility Factors for Hydrocarbons in the O-9“ApI Gravity Range Related to API Gravity (60F) and Metering Tem- perature (Degrees Fahrenheit) File No. 2 Chapter 11.2.1M-Table of Compressibility Factors for Hydrocarbon
17、s in the 638-1074 Kilograms per Cubic Metre Range Related to Density (15C) and Metering Temperature (Degrees Celsius) File No. 3 Chapter 11.2.3-Table of Volume Correction Factors for Use in Water Calibration of Provers (Degrees Fahrenheit) File No. 4 Chapter 11.2.3M-Table of Volume Correction Factor
18、s for Use in Water Calibra- tion of Provers (Degrees Celsius) AU four tables are contained in four files on the tape. The tape is provided in one of two formats with the composite file in EBCDIC characters or ASCII characters. The information needed to transfer the tape to your computer is as follow
19、s: Tape contents API tables BPI 1600 bits per inch Unlabeled Yes Characters ASCII or EBCDIC Record 132 characters Blocking 26400 characters (20 records) Files 4 vii Chapter 1 1-Physical Properties Data SECTION 2-VOLUME CORRECTION FACTORS FOR METER PROVING AND HYDROCARBON COMPRESSIBILITY FACTORS 11.2
20、.1 Compressibility Factors for Hydrocarbons: 0-90“API Gravity Range 11.2.1.1 SCOPE The purpose of this standard is to correct hydro- carbon volumes metered under pressure to the corre- sponding volumes at the equilibrium pressure for the metered temperature. This standard contains compres- sibility
21、factors related to meter temperature and MI gravity (60F) of metered material. The corresponding metric version is Chapter 11.2.1M. 11.2.1.2 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT The previous compressibility standard (API Standard 1101, Appendix B, Table 11) for hydrocarbons in the O-9“API gravity range was devel
22、oped in 1945 by Jacobson, et ai i. It is based on limited data obtained mostly on pure compounds and lubricating oil type ma- terials. Also, Standard 1101 was developed without the aid of a mathematical model. In 1981, a working group of the Committee on Static Petroleum Measurement was set up to re
23、vise the com- pressibility tables of Standard 1101. This group per- formed an extensive literature search and found only three sources of compressibility information. The re- sulting data base is broader than that used in the pre- vious standard. Unfortunately, it is not large enough to cover the ra
24、nge of current commercial operations. When new data are available, they will be incorporated into an expanded standard. This standard now replaces the discontinued Standard 1101, Appendix B, Table II, O-1oO“API gravity portion. 11.2.1.3 DATA BASE AND LIMITS OF THE STANDARD The actual standard is the
25、 printed table. The mathe- matical and computer steps used to generate this stan- dard should not be considered the standard. They can, however, be used to develop computer subroutines for various languages and machines to duplicate the results in the printed table. The tape can be used in the devel
26、- opment of various computer subroutines. The data base (Table 1) for this standard was ob- tained from Jessup 2, Downer and Gardiner 3, and Downer (41. It consists of seven crude oils, five gas- olhes, and seven middle distillate-gas oils. The lub- ricating oil data from these sources were not incl
27、uded. Modeling results showed that lubricating oils are a dif- ferent population than crude oils and other refined products. Their inclusion multiplies the compressibility correlation uncertainty by a factor of two. Also, lubri- cating oils are not normally metered under pressure and do not require
28、the use of this standard. The limits of the experimental data are 20 to 76“API, 32 to 32“F, and O to 711 pounds per square inch. As a result of a Committee on Static Petroleum Measure- ment (COSM) and Committee on Petroleum Measure- ment (COPM) survey, the actual limits of the standard are broader:
29、O to 90API, - 20 to 2WF, and O to 1500 pounds per square inch. Hence, certain portions of the standard represent extrapolated results (Figure 1). In these extrapolated portions, the uncertainty analysis discussed in 11.2.1.5 may not be valid. The increments of this standard are O.5“F and 0.5“API. In
30、terpolation to smaller increments is not recommended. 11.2.1.4 In this standard, the compressibility factor (F) is used in the normal manner for volume correction (* denotes multiplication) : EXAMPLE USE OF THE STANDARD V,=V,/l - F*(P, - Pe) Where: V, = volume at equilibrium (bubble point) pressure,
31、 V, = volume at the meter pressure, p,. Pe- As an example, calculate the volume of 1000 barrels (Vm) of a 19.9“API (60F) fuel oil metered under a pressure of 500 pounds per square inch (P,) and 100F. Assume a Pe value of O pounds per square inch. First, the gravity is rounded to the nearest OS“AP1,
32、in this case 20.0“API. From the compressibility table, the F factor is 0.448 divided by 100,ooO or 0,00000448. Then, Ve = loOO/(l- 0.00000448*500) = 1002 barrels 1 Table l-ata Base and Experimental Conditions for Chapter 11.2.1 I Pressure Number of Sample Name API Gravity Temperature and Origin 60F
33、“F psi Data Points Reference Crude Oils ADMEG (Zakum) export 39.89 40.0-170.0 0-508 5 3 Barrow Island 36.97 40.0-170.0 0-508 5 Libyan (Tobruk) export 36.37 122.0-170.0 0-508 3 Iranian Light export 33.65 40.0-170.0 0-508 5 3 Kuwait export 30.98 40.0-170.0 0-508 5 3 Iranian Heavy export 30.55 40.0-170
34、.0 0-508 5 3 Alaskan (North Slope) . 27.24 60.0-170.0 0-508 4 3 Light catalytic cracked 76.25 40.0-100.0 0-493 3 4 Straight run 61.12 40.0-140.0 0-493 4 4 Cracked 52.74 32.0-149.0 0-711 5 2 Fighting aviation 71.51 32.0-158.0 0-711 5 2 Fighting aviation 72.10 32.0-158.0 0-711 5 2 Kerosine (odorless)
35、47.61 40.0-170.0 0-493 5 4 DERV 35.36 40.0-170.0 0-493 5 4 Gas oil 38.16 40.0-170.0 0-493 5 4 Commercial fuel oil 19.90 100.0-140.0 0-493 2 4 Los Angeles basin gas oil 30.42 32.0-302.0 0-711 3 2 Oklahoma gas oil 29.08 32.0-302.0 0-711 3 2 Midcontinent gas oil 28.66 32.0-302.0 0-711 3 2 3 3 Gasolines
36、 Kerosine and Light Fuel Oil Gas Oils and Heavy Fuels Oils 180 - 160 - 140 - 120 - loo - 80 - w- 40- o- $ $ E c. al I- U al o! c 2 - - - - - - - -1 Extrapolated Region I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I l I I l I O 10 20 304050 60 70 80 90 API Gravity At 60F Figure l-Comparison of
37、 Data Base and Extrapolated Regions for Chapter 11.2.1 SECTION 2-VOLUME CORRECTION FACTORS 3 For more examples and details, see Manual of Petro- leum Measurement Standards, Chapter 12.2. 11.2.1.5 MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE STANDARD 11.2.1.5.1 Basic Model and Uncertainty Analysis The basic mathematic
38、al model, used to develop this standard, relates the compressibility factor exponen- tidy (Em) to temperature and the square of molecu- lar volume. That is, F = EXP(A + B*T + C/RHb + D*T/RH02) Where: A, B, C, and D =constants. T =temperature, in OF. RHO = density, in grams per cubic centi- meter at
39、0F. l/RHO is propor- tional to molecular volume. at 60“. RHO = (141.5*0.999012)/(131.5 + “API Hence, compressibility is the result of the interaction of two molecular volumes and temperature. The above equation is consistent with the development of API Standard 2540 (Manual of Petroleum Measurement
40、Standards, Chapter 11.1) for the thermal expansion of hydrocarbons. The use of higher powers of T and RHO does not yield further significant minimization of com- pressibility factor uncertainty. Using the above equation and data base, maximum compressibility factor uncertainty is 2 6.5 percent at th
41、e 95 percent confidence level. Hence at worst, one should expect that the real compressibility factor for a given material could be either 6.5 percent higher or 6.5 percent lower than the value in the standard. This state- ment is only true within the limits of the data base. It may not be true for
42、the extrapolated portions of the standard. To assess the possible uncertainty in the calculated volume at equilibrium pressure using the above data base and equation, two approaches were taken. First, it was assumed that only the correlation uncertainty in mean compressibility of I 6.5 percent was s
43、ignificant. With this approach, volumetric uncertainties should be in the range of 0.02 to 0.10 percent, depending on oper- ating conditions (Table 2, Basis A). These uncertainties are in agreement with the maximum error of 0.10 per- cent recommended by a COSM and COPM survey. The first volumetric u
44、ncertainty analysis assumes that mean compressibility is not a function of pressure. For low pressures, this assumption is adequate. For higher pressures, mean compressibility will decrease with in- creasing pressure. At what pressure this effect becomes significant for the materials of this standar
45、d is not defi- nitely known. However, analysis of the Jessup 2 data indicates that mean compressibility could possibly de- crease by about 0.005 percent per pound per square inch with increasing pressure. Incorporating both the compressibility correlation uncertainty and the poten- tial pressure unc
46、ertainty yields volumetric uncertainties in the range of 0.03 to 0.21 percent (Table 2, Basis A + B). Hence, the use of this standard with operating pressures greater than the experimental limit of 71 1 pounds per square inch could double the uncertainty in calculated volume over the uncertainty bas
47、ed on avail- able data. 11.2.1 52 Calculation Procedure to 7 floating point digits of precision or greater. Step 1: Initialize temperature and gravity. This procedure is recommended for computers with 6 T = XXX.X OF: - 20.0 5 T 5 200.0, rounded to nearest OSOF. API = XX.X: 0.0 5 “API 5 90.0, rounded
48、 to the nearest 0.5 degree by Table 2-Volumetric Uncertainty Analysis for Chapter 11.2.1 Percent Uncertainty in Volume for Various Pressures, psi Correlation Uncertainty Only Correlation + Pressure Uncertainty Mean Basis A Basis A + B psi- 500 loo0 1500 500 lo00 1500 0.6 * lo- (Note 2) 0.02 0.04 0.0
49、6 0.03 0.08 O. 13 BASIS: A. 6.5 percent correlation uncertainty in mean compressibility prediction. Nm: 1. Qpical compressibility value for 65“API gasoline at 100F or 45“API fuel oil at 200F. 2. Typical compressibility value for WAPI gasoline at 20F or 35“API crude oil at 100F. Compressibility 1.0 * lo- (Note 1) 0.03 0.07 0.10 0.05 o. 12 0.21 B. 0.005 percendpsi uncertainty in mean compressibility due to effect of pressure 2. 4 CHAPTER f1-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DATA X is either a temperature or gravity value. TX = INT(X): ie., truncation. DIFF=X-
