1、Manual of PetroleumMeasurement StandardsChapter 11.2.2MCompressibility Factors for Hydrocarbons: 350637 Kilograms per Cubic Metre Density (15C) and 46C to 60C Metering TemperatureGPA 8286-86 (M)FIRST EDITION, OCTOBER 1986REAFFIRMED, DECEMBER 2012Manual of PetroleumMeasurement StandardsChapter 11.2.2
2、MCompressibility Factors for Hydrocarbons: 350637 Kilograms per Cubic Metre Density (15C) and 46C to 60C Metering TemperatureMeasurement CoordinationGPA 8286-86 (M)FIRST EDITION, OCTOBER 1986REAFFIRMED, DECEMBER 2012FOREWORD This publication provides tables to correct hydrocarbon volumes metered und
3、er pressure to corresponding volumes at the equilibrium pressure for the metered temperature. The parallel publication in customary units is the Manual of Petroleum Measurement Stan- dards, Chapter 11.2.2. The table presented in this volume is also available from API as a computer tape, along with a
4、 manual containing the text information in this publication. Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the director, Measurement Coordination Department, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street. N. W., Wash- ington, D.C. 20005. COMMITTEE ON STATIC PETROLEUM MEASUREMENT WORKING G
5、ROUP ON COMPRESSIBILITY F. P. Gielzecki (Retired) Imperial Oil, Ltd. K. M. Goin, Ph.D. Cities Service Oil and Gas Corporation K. T. Liu, Ph.D. Chevron Oil Field Research Company M. A. Plumer, Ph.D. Marathon Oil Company R. A. Griffith (Chairman, Retired) Texaco Trading and Transportation Company J. P
6、olowek Interprovincial Pipe Line Ltd. R. B. Hall Texas Eastern Transmission Company J. A. Hamshar Cities Service Oil and Gas Corporation G. W. Singletary (Deceased) Texas Eastern Transmission Company G. W. Swinney (Retired) Phillips Petroleum Company 1800 e iv CONTENTS CHAPTER 11.2.2M-COMPRESSIBILIT
7、Y FACTORS FOR HYDRO- CARBONS: 350-637 KILOGRAMS PER CUBIC METRE DENSITY (15C) AND . 46C TO 60C METERING TEMPERATURE 11.2.2.1M 11.2.2.2M 11.2.2.3M 11.2.2.4M 11.2.2.5M 11.2.2.6M 11.2.2.7M 11.2.2.8M 11.2.2.9M PAGE Scope 1 History and Development 1 Type of Standard and Limits . 1 Example Use of the Stan
8、dard 1 Data Base 2 Basic Model . 5 Uncertainty Analysis . 6 Calculation Procedure 8 References . 12 Table of Compressibility Factors for Hydrocarbons: 350-637 Kilograms per Cubic Metre Density (15C) and -46C to 60C Metering Temperature Text Tables 13 1-Summary of Data Base . 2 2-Data Mixture Composi
9、tions (Mole Percent) . 3-Effect of Pressure on Compressibility Factors . 4-Expected Frequency of Errors When Using Temperatures to the 4 6 Nearest 0.25“C Versus the Nearest 0.5“F . 6 Figures 1-Limits of Data Base by Relative Density and Temperature . 2-Uncertainties (95-Percent Confidence Level) in
10、Volume Versus 3 Temperature and Relative Density 7 Chapter 1 1 -Physical Properties Data SECTION 2-VOLUME CORRECTION FACTORS FOR METER PROVING AND HYDROCARBON COMPRESSIBILITY 11.2.2M Compressibility Factors for Hydrocarbons: 350-637 Kilograms per Cubic Metre Density (15C) and -46C to 60C Metering Te
11、mperature 11.2.2.1 M SCOPE The purpose of this standard is to correct hydrocarbon volumes metered under pressure to the corresponding vol- umes at the equilibrium pressure for the metered tempera- ture. This standard contains compressibility factors related to the meter temperature and density at 15
12、C of the metered material. The corresponding customary version is Chapter 11.2.2. 11.2.2.2M HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT The previous API standard for hydrocarbon compressi- bility, Standard 1101, Measurement of Petroleum Liquid Hydrocarbons by Positive Displacement Meter, was devel- oped from graphical
13、correlations prepared in 1945. This standard was based on limited data with only a few points for pure fluids in the range from propane to pentane. No lighter mixtures and no effect of pressure on the compress- ibility factor were considered. In addition, no metric (SI) version was available. In 198
14、 1, the Committee on Static Petroleum Measurement formed a subcommittee, the Hydrocarbon Compressibility Group, to revise the compressibility tables of Standard 1101. As a result of an extensive literature survey, the data base found for the relative density portion of the table covers a broader ran
15、ge than that used in Standard 1101 but is lacking in data for unsaturated hydrocarbons. The data base was used to develop a mathematical model that includes the effect of pressure on the compressibility factor. The printed table produced from the model is the standard. This standard replaces the dis
16、continued Standard 1101 and the first edition of Chapter 11.2.2, Compressibility Factors for Hydrocar- bons: 0.500-0.61 1 Relative Density Range and 20-128F. 11.2.2.3M TYPE OF STANDARD AND LIMITS The actual standard is the printed table of 25 1 pages that follows this text. The increments used in th
17、e table are 0.25“C and 2 kilograms per cubic metre. Interpolation to 1 kilogram per cubic metre in density is allowed. Compressibilities are in the usual units of reciprocal kilopascals but are calculated from two terms, A and B, and the pressure difference from 1 equilibrium, D,. This is necessary
18、to obtain the desired accuracy in volume because of the important effect of pres- sure on the compressibility factor for light hydrocarbons. The range of the table is from -46C to 60C and from 350 to 637 kilograms per cubic metre density (15“C), for use with pressure differences above equilibrium fr
19、om O to 15,200 kilopascals . The equation used to generate the table is given for those who wish to duplicate the table using their specific computer and language. Identical table information is available on a computer tape. The use of this computer tape to verify individually developed computer sub
20、routines is highly rec- ommended. 11.2.2.4M EXAMPLE USE OF THE STANDARD In this standard, the compressibility factor (F) is used in the normal manner for volume correction (* denotes mul- tiplication): C,I = V,/V, = i/(i - F * D,) Where: Cp1 = correction factor for pressure. Ve = volume at the equil
21、ibrium (bubble point) V, = volume at the meter pressure, P,. pressure, P,. D, = P, - P,. P, and P, may be in either kilopascals gage or kilopascals absolute, but both must be in the same units. As an example, calculate the volume at equilibrium pres- sure of 1000 cubic metres (V,) of a material with
22、 a density (15C) of 530.4 kilograms per cubic metre metered under a pressure of 5000 kilopascals at a temperature of 5.1“C. The equilibrium pressure (I,) for this material at 5.1“C is 450 kilopascals. The rounded density and temperature val- ues of 530 kilograms per cubic metre and 5.0“C yield an A
23、factor of 281,093 and a B factor of 5.504. The compress- ibfiity factor (F) is calculated as follows: F = I/(A + D, * B) = 1/281,093 + (5000 - 450) * 5.5041 = 0.000003267 The value for F is rounded to the ninth decimal place, to the maximum of four significant digits. 2 CHAPTER 1 1 -PHYSICAL PROPERT
24、IES DATA Then, C, = 1/1.0 - 0.000003267 * (5000 - 450) = 1.0151 The value for C, is rounded to the maximum of four decimal places. ve = v, * c, = 1000 * 1.0151 = 1015.1 cubic metres The value for Ve is rounded to the nearest O. 1 cubic metre. 11.2.2.5M DATA BASE An initial 2278 data points were obta
25、ined from the lit- erature for pure fluid compounds and mixtures of light hy- drocarbon liquids. These data were examined to eliminate data for gases, data with large errors, and data with other abnormalities. The final data base used in this standard consists of 1724 data points from 13 sources (se
26、e Table i). This metric standard was derived from the data base in U.S. customary units, so all discussion of the data base is limited to customary units. The ranges of the experimental data were relative den- sities (60F/60“F) from 0.3477 to 0.63 12, temperatures from - 28F to 160F, and pressure di
27、fferences from 41 to 2036 pounds per square inch gage (see Figure 1). The actual ranges for the standard, as determined by an API survey, are relative densities (6OoF/60“F) from 0.350 to 0.637, tem- peratures from - 50F to 140“F, and pressure differences from O to 2200 pounds per square inch gage. H
28、ence, some portions of the standard represent extrapolated results. The uncertainty analysis presented in 11.2.2.7M may not be valid for these extrapolated portions. For the lower relative densities, 140F is above the pseudocritical temperature at which liquid exists. For these fluids, the range is
29、restricted to 96 percent of the pseudocritical temperature. The data set contains 46 different mixtures of normal hydrocarbons from methane to decane. The compositions of the mixtures are listed in Table 2. The use of the standard for compositions not close to those in the data base repre- sents an
30、extrapolation whose results may have a greater uncertainty. Table 1-Summary of Data Base Pressure Relative (pounds Number Density Temperature per square of Data Sample (60“/60“F) (Fi inch gage) Points References NGPA/TP2 NGPA/TPl Cal Tech Tulsa ManleyISwift Pope Straty Douslin Dittmar Haynes Thomas
31、Teichmann Ely 0.35-0.61 0.50-0.63 0.508 0.356 0.356 0.356 0.508 0.508 0.508 0.508 0.35-0.51 0.35-0.51 0.51-0.58 32-140 40- 130 70- 160 - 20- 120 -20-100 -25-63 -28-66 - 13-32 32-140 -28-80 -28-100 32-122 122-149 180-2OoO 150-2000 100-2000 100-1500 300- 1600 198-1788 320-2200 460-2100 140-2 120 242-2
32、040 12 1-2130 121- 1477 400- 1465 455 218 157 542 13 36 67 5 33 81 57 50 10 12 21 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 1 8 II 18 3 2 5, 6, 7 4 20 19 SECTION 2-VOLUME CORRECTION FACTORS 3 + + + + + *+ i: 9 + + * 8 + + + * * 9 * 8 + + + * + * + 9 * 8 + + + * + * + 9 * 8 + O 2 + + + + + + +it+ -H + +* + + + + + +
33、 + +c +H+k4+fcwt+i+# +*+a+l,*#+*+tHc +-l+R+ww“+H+ + 9 9 + + + + + *+*+p+k+ +up+ + + +* + + + + +H tfc y+ + +* + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + rn !2 2 s c $ E LI l- O U o Ei cc1 cc1 c O a w- x O .- 3 I E 7 7 4 CHAPTER 1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DATA Table 2-Data Mixture Compositions (Mol
34、e Percent) Sample C, iC4 iC5 c6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 68 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 3.10 0.00 0.28 0.52 0.89 1.16 1.55 1.88 0.00 0.28 0.52 0.89 1.16 1.55 1.88 0.00 0.29 0.5
35、2 0.89 1.16 1.55 1.88 2.33 0.00 0.00 2.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.23 0.00 2.31 2.18 0.00 0.00 2.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.55 2.70 2.52 2.51 0.00 O O O O O O O O O O O O O 96.90 0.02 8.83 16.17 27.70 36.33 48.45 58.83 0.02 8.83 16.17 27.70 36.34 48.44 58.84 0.00 8.93 16.15 27.68 36.3
36、4 48.45 58.83 72.67 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.00 49.89 48.28 71.71 70.05 69.52 89.97 100.00 97.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 30.13 51.28 71.60 100.00 28.90 49.17 67.76 87.76 0.00 1 O0 1 O0 1 O0 O O O O O O O O O O 0.00 35.29 32.08 29.41 25.21 22.06 17.64 13.87 50. I3 45.59 41.77 35.81 31.33 25.07 19.70 6
37、3.77 57.89 53.17 45.55 39.86 31.86 25.06 15.93 99.85 100.00 97.58 99.11 63.00 50. Il 48.49 28.29 27.64 27.47 10.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 100.00 69.87 48.72 28.40 0.00 68.55 48.13 29.72 9.73 100.00 O O O 1 O0 I O0 1 O0 1 O0 1 O0 1 O0 O O O O 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.8
38、0 8.11 6.70 5.74 6.54 6.88 5.71 3.18 2.03 18.00 7.37 6.09 5.22 5.95 6.25 5.19 2.89 1.85 16.50 6.76 5.58 4.78 5.45 5.73 4.76 2.65 1.69 14.14 5.79 4.79 4.10 4.67 4.91 4.08 2.27 1.45 12.38 5.07 4.19 3.59 4.09 4.30 3.57 1.99 1.27 9.90 4.06 3.35 2.87 3.27 3.44 2.86 1.59 1.02 7.78 3.19 2.63 2.26 2.57 2.70
39、 2.24 1.25 0.80 18.20 7.17 4.46 3.82 4.35 4.58 3.80 2.12 1.35 16.54 6.52 4.05 3.47 3.95 4.16 3.45 1.93 1.23 15.17 5.97 3.72 3.18 3.62 3.82 3.17 1.77 1.12 13.00 5.12 3.19 2.73 3.11 3.27 2.71 1.51 0.96 11.38 4.48 2.79 2.39 2.72 2.86 2.38 1.33 0.84 9.10 3.59 2.23 1.91 2.18 2.29 1.90 1.06 0.68 7.15 2.82
40、 1.75 1.50 1.71 1.80 1.49 0.83 0.53 17.74 6.21 2.90 1.97 2.91 2.62 0.93 0.95 0.00 16.11 5.64 2.63 1.79 2.64 2.38 0.84 0.86 0.00 14.78 5.17 2.42 1.62 2.43 2.18 0.77 0.79 0.00 12.67 4.44 2.07 1.41 2.08 1.87 0.66 0.68 0.00 11.09 3.88 1.81 1.23 1.82 1.64 0.58 0.59 0.00 8.87 3.11 1.45 0.99 1.46 1.31 0.47
41、 0.48 0.00 6.97 2.44 1.14 0.77 1.14 1.03 0.37 0.37 0.00 4.44 1.55 0.73 0.49 0.73 0.66 0.23 0.24 0.00 0.05 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O O O O O O O O O 0.89 O O O O O O O O 0.00 O O O O O O 0 O 0.00 O O O O O O O O 0.00 O O O O O O O O 0.00 O
42、O O O O O O O 0.00 O O O O O O O O 0.83 O O O O O O O O 0.00 O O O O O O O O 0.00 O O O O O O O O 0.00 O O O O O O O O 100.00 O O O O O O O O 0.00 O 1 O0 O O O O O O 0.80 O O O O O O O O 0.00 100 O O O O O O O 0.00 O O O O O O O O 0.00 O O O O O O O O 0.00 O O O O O O O O 0.00 O O O O O O O O 0.00 O
43、 O O O O O O O 0.00 O O O O O O O O 0.00 O O O O O O O O 0.00 O O O O O O O O 0.00 O O O O O O O O 0.00 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O o O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 1 O0 O O O O O O
44、 O O 1 O0 O O O O O O O 1 O0 O O O O O O O O 1 O0 O O O O O O O O 6 CHAPTER 1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DATA 11.2.2.7M UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS The uncertainty in the compressibility factor is ? 10.8 percent at the 95-percent confidence level. (The figure 10.8 is 2.0 times the standard deviation of 5.4 percen
45、t, where 2.0 is the two-tail probability value of a normal distribution for 1709 degrees of freedom at 95 percent.) These uncer- tainties represent the likelihood of the correlations ability to reproduce the data for a specific sample. They do not indicate how accurate the data are. In many cases, t
46、he ac- curacy of the experimental data is unknown. The corre- sponding uncertainty in volume and in CPI is ? 0.56 percent at the 95-percent confidence level, derived from a computed standard deviation of 0.28 percent, as described above. These volumetric uncertainties depend on operating con- dition
47、s, the type of material, and the effect of pressure on the compressibility factor. They may not be true for the extrapolated portions of the standard. The regions where various uncertainties can be expected, averaged for all pres- sures, are plotted in Figure 2. The uncertainty for specific material
48、s and temperature conditions can be obtained from this figure. For samples at lower relative densities, the un- certainty increases as the mixtures critical temperature is approached. The correlation is valid for temperatures less than or equal to 96 percent of the pseudocritical temperature. if the
49、 effect of pressure on compressibility were ignored, there would be greater uncertainties in the volume. To il- lustrate this, the uncertainties in the calculated volume would range from 0.2 to 11 percent if a mean compressibility factor for 500 pounds per square inch, instead of the compressi- bility factor at the correct pressure, were used. This is from 2 to more than 100 times the desired uncertainty of 0.1 percent in the volume. Table 3 provides more details about the uncertainties due to ignoring the effect of pressure o
