1、Manual of Petroleum Measurement StandardsChapter 19.1Evaporative Loss From Fixed-Roof TanksFOURTH EDITION, OCTOBER 2012Manual of Petroleum Measurement StandardsChapter 19.1Evaporative Loss From Fixed-Roof TanksMeasurement CoordinationFOURTH EDITION, OCTOBER 2012Special NotesAPI publications necessar
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16、tted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW,Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiSummary of Changes to API MPMS Chapters 19.1, 19.2 and 19.4The third edition of API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS) Chapter 19.4 was published followinga revision that was carried out
17、concurrently with revisions to Chapter 19.1, published as the fourth edition, andChapter 19.2, published as the third edition. Primary changes are:1) Consolidation of common material in Chapter 19.4. Material that had previously been included in both Chapters19.1 and 19.2 has been moved to Chapter 1
18、9.4. Chapter 19.4, which was previously Recommended Practice forSpeciation of Evaporative Losses, now has the title Evaporative Loss Reference Information and SpeciationMethodology. This Chapter had already contained reference information on the properties of chemicals andtypical petroleum liquids,
19、and this information has now been removed from Chapters 19.1 and 19.2. In addition,meteorological data have been moved from Chapters 19.1 and 19.2 to Chapter 19.4. In the revised documents:a) Meteorological data are found in Chapter 19.4,b) Calculation of storage tank temperatures is found in Chapte
20、rs 19.1 and 19.2 (in that fixed-roof tanks involvecalculation of the vapor space temperature in order to determine vapor density, whereas this step is notinvolved in estimating emissions from floating-roof tanks), andc) Calculation of true vapor pressure is found in Chapter 19.4 (in that this is now
21、 calculated in the same mannerfor both fixed- and floating-roof tanks).2) Reconciliation of nomenclature. Chapters 19.1 and 19.2 previously had different nomenclature for the samevariables. These revisions adopt a common set of symbols for both chapters.3) Reorganization of the formats. In addition
22、to common material having been removed from Chapters 19.1 and 19.2,the remaining text has been edited to remove unnecessarily verbose or repetitive language. The summary tableswere deemed redundant, and have been deleted.4) Appendices. Appendices have been redesignated as annexes. 5) SI units. An an
23、nex has been added to each chapter to address SI units.Chapter 19.1, fourth editionIn addition to common reference material being deleted from Chapter 19.1, the following changes have been made:1) Reference to API Technical Reports. References to API TR 2568 (cleaning storage tanks) and API TR 2569(
24、closed vent IFRTs) have been added.2) Terminology. The following terminology has been revised:a) “Standing storage loss” has been changed to “standing loss.”b) “Solar insolation” has been changed to “insolation.”3) Effective Throughput. An expression has been added for the sum of changes in liquid l
25、evel, designated HQ, forcalculating effective throughput.4) Normal operating pressure. An expression has been added for calculating the normal operating pressure, as theaverage of the maximum and minimum vent settings.5) Vapor density from vapor space temperature. The temperature used in the calcula
26、tion of vapor density has beenchanged from the liquid surface temperature to the vapor space temperature, and an equation has been added fordetermining the vapor space temperature.vContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Normative References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Procedure for Estimating Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.2 Standing Loss LS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.3 W
30、orking Loss LW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.1 Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.2 Solution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Equipment Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136.2 Fixed-Roof Tanks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146.3 Roof Fittings. . . .
34、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146.4 Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35、 . . . . . . . . 156.5 Outside Surfaces of the Tank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Loss Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167.2 Standing Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167.3 Working Loss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Development of Estimation Methods . . . . . . . .
38、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188.2 Standing Loss . . . . . .
39、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198.3 Working Loss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、 . . 23Annex A (informative) SI units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Figures1 Fixed-Roof Tank Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Typical Fixed-Roof Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14vii1 Chapter 19.1Evaporative Loss From Fixed-Roof Tanks 1 Scope This standard contains methodologies for estimating the total evaporative losses of hydrocarbons from fixed-roof tanks. The methodologies provide loss estimates for
43、general equipment types based on laboratory, test-tank and field-tank data. Types of fixed-roof tanks and roof fittings described are for information only. The equations estimate average annual losses from uninsulated fixed-roof tanks for various liquid stocks, stock vapor pressures, tank sizes, met
44、eorological conditions, and operating conditions. The following special cases are addressed: a) Horizontal tanks. b) Higher volatility stocks (true vapor pressure greater than 0.1 psia). c) Vent settings higher than 0.03 psia (0.5 oz/in2). The estimation may be improved by using detailed field infor
45、mation, including climatic data and operational data for the appropriate time period. The equations are not intended to be used in the following applications: a) To estimate losses from unstable or boiling stocks or from petroleum liquids or petrochemicals for which the vapor pressure is not known o
46、r cannot readily be predicted (to calculate emissions from tanks that contain material at or above their boiling point or the point at which material starts to flash, the API model E LW(lb/yr) is determined in 4.3. 4.2 Standing Loss LS4.2.1 Aboveground and Underground Tanks a) For aboveground tanks,
47、 the standing loss LS(lb/yr) is: LS= 365(D2/4) HVOKSKEWV(2) where D, HVO, KS, KE, and WVare determined in 4.2.2 through 4.2.6, respectively; The constant 365 has units of days/yr. b) For underground tanks, assume no standing loss occurs (LS= 0) because the insulating nature of the earth limits the d
48、iurnal temperature change. 4.2.2 Tank Diameter D The tank diameter D (ft) is: a) For vertical tanks, D = DV (3a) where DVis the cylindrical diameter of a vertical tank (ft). 4 API MPMS CHAPTER 19.1 b) For horizontal tanks, D =HHDL4(3b) where LHis the end-to-end length of a horizontal tank (ft); DHis
49、 the cylindrical diameter of a horizontal tank (ft). 4.2.3 Vapor Space Outage HVOThe vapor space outage HVO(ft), the height of a cylinder of diameter D whose volume equals the vapor space volume of a fixed-roof tank, is: a) For vertical tanks (see Figure 1): HVO= HS HL+ HRO(4a) where HSis the tank shell height (ft); HLis the average liquid height (ft); If HLis unknown, use HL= (HLX+ HLN)/2 (5a) where HLXis maximum liquid height (ft); HLNis minimum liquid height (ft) (height of remaining heel when emptied). If HLXor HLNis unknown, use HL= HS/2 (5b)HROis the roof outage (ft), the shell
