1、Manual of PetroleumMeasurement StandardsChapter 22Testing ProtocolSection 2Differential Pressure Flow Measurement DevicesFIRST EDITION, AUGUST 2005REAFFIRMED, AUGUST 2012Manual of PetroleumMeasurement StandardsChapter 22Testing ProtocolSection 2Differential Pressure Flow Measurement DevicesMeasureme
2、nt CoordinationFIRST EDITION, AUGUST 2005REAFFIRMED, AUGUST 2012SPECIAL NOTESAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to partic-ular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.API is not undertaking to meet the duties of em
3、ployers, manufacturers, or suppliers to warn and properly train and equip their employees, and others exposed, concerning health and safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations under local, state, or fed-eral laws.Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precauti
4、ons with respect to par-ticular materials and conditions should be obtained from the employer, the manufacturer or supplier of that material, or the material safety data sheet.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manu
5、facture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or prod-uct covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be con-strued as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdraw
6、n at least every five years. Sometimes a one-time extension of up to two years will be added to this review cycle. This publication will no longer be in effect five years after its publication date as an operative API standard or, where an extension has been granted, upon republication. Status of th
7、e publication can be ascertained from the API Standards department telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications, programs and services is published annually and updated biannually by API, and available through Global Engineering Documents, 15 Inverness Way East, M/S C303B, Englewood, CO 8
8、0112-5776. This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropri-ate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this standard or com-ments and questions con
9、cerning the procedures under which this standard was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of the Standards department, American Petro-leum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material publ
10、ished herein should be addressed to the Director, Business Services.API standards are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineer-ing and operating practices. These standards are not intended to obviate the need for apply-ing sound engineering judgment regarding when and
11、 where these standards should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API standards is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsibl
12、e for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such prod-ucts do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any
13、means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 2005 American Petroleum InstituteFOREWORDAPI publications may be used by an
14、yone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or respons
15、ibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to API, Standards department, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.iiiCONTENTSPage
16、1.0 INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.2 Differential Pressure or Head-type Flow
17、Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12.0 DEFINITIONS AND SPECIFIC TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63.0 INSTALLATION AND TEST FACILITY REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83.1 Acceptable Test Facilities . . . . . . . . . .
18、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83.2 Required Meter Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83.3 Required Piping Considerations Upstream and Downstream of the Meter . . . . . .84.0 METER TESTS. . . . . . . . .
19、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.1 Meters to be Tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.2 Acceptable Test Fluids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94.3 Liquid Flow Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94.4 Gas Flow Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94.5 Testing Limits
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104.6 Baseline Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104.7 Installation Effects Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104.8 Acoustic Noise Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115.0 LAMINAR FLOWMETER TESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115.1 Laminar Meter Tes
23、t for Compressible Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125.2 Laminar Meter Test for Turbulent Flows in the Main Pipe Line . . . . . . . . . . . . .126.0 FLOW RATE EQUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137.0 PROCED
24、URE FOR REPORTING METER PERFORMANCE RESULTS . . . . . . . 137.1 Test Facility Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137.2 Meter information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
25、7.3 Description of the Full Test Matrix and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137.4 Sample Meter Test Reporting Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148.0 UNCERTAINTY CALCULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、. . . . . . . . 158.1 Uncertainty of the Test Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158.2 Uncertainty of the Test Meter Derived From the Test Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158.3 Statistical Analysis of the Installation Effects Tests . . . . . . .
27、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15APPENDIX A TEST MATRICES FOR SECTION 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17APPENDIX B UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19APPENDIX C DIMENSIONAL PARAMETERS FOR PROTO-TYPE TESTING . . .27TablesB.1
28、 Example of Uncertainty Estimate for Liquid Flow Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23B.2 Example of Uncertainty Estimate for Compressible Flow Calculation . . . . . . . . 24vPageFigures1 Concentric Orifice Flow Meter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、. . 22 Eccentric and Segmental Orifice Flow Meters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Quadrant-edge and Conical Orifice Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Venturi Flow Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Flow Nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 V-cone Flow Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 DALL Tube Flo
31、w Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Wedge Flow Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Pitot-static Tube Flow Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 Multi-port Averageing Pitot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 Variable Area Orfice Flow Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512 Laminar Flow Element . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5vi1Chapter 22Testing ProtocolSection 2Differential Pressure Flow Measurement Devices1.0 Introduction This document defines the testing and reporting protocols for flow measurement devices based on the detection o
34、f a pressure differential that is created by the device in a flowing stream. This protocol is designed to supply industry with a comparable description of the capabilities of these devices for the measurement of single-phase fluid flow when they are used under similar operating conditions. The objec
35、tives of this Testing Protocol are to: 1. Ensure that the user of any differential pressure flow meter knows the performance characteristics of the meter over a range of Reynolds numbers as applicable or defined by tests, 2. Facilitate both the understanding and the introduction of new technologies,
36、3. Provide a standardized vehicle for validating manufac-turers performance specifications, 4. Provide information about relative performance charac-teristics of the primary elements of the differential pressure metering devices under standardized testing protocol.5. Quantify the uncertainty of thes
37、e devices and define the operating and installation conditions for which the stated uncertainties apply.To accomplish these objectives, the testing protocol defines the test limits for operating conditions of the meter, the requirements of the facility or facilities to perform the tests, the fluids
38、to be tested, and the ranges for pressure, dif-ferential pressure, temperature, secondary instrumentation, and Reynolds number. Examples of flow meters covered in this standard include, but are not limited to orifice plates, Venturis, nozzles, V-Cones, wedge meters, and multiport averaging Pitot tub
39、es. Reporting and testing protocols for test facilities are included to ensure that the performance characteristics of each meter are compared with identical conditions as set forth in this standard. These protocols require descriptions of the test flu-ids to be used, the mechanical configuration of
40、 piping, effects of fluid flow profile, and spatial orientation of the meter. A description of required dimensional measurements and toler-ances and the mathematical equations required to convert the differential pressure reading to a flow rate prediction is also necessary. This document primarily a
41、ddresses testing proto-col for differential pressure flow meters that operate under the flowing condition that is in the turbulent flow regime. Differ-ential pressure flow measurement devices that operate on the principle of physical laws of laminar flow require a special testing protocol, which is
42、addressed in Section 5.1.1 SCOPE The testing protocol is limited to single-phase Newtonian fluid flow, and no consideration is given to pulsation effects. Further revisions of this document may include the testing of such meters in wet gas or multi-phase service and the effects of pulsation. This st
43、andard does not address testing protocols of those devices that operate on the principle of critical or choked flow condition of fluids. The testing protocol covers any flow meter operating on the principle of a local change in flow velocity, caused by the meter geometry, giving a corresponding chan
44、ge of pressure between two reference locations. There are several types of differential pressure meters available to industry. It is the pur-pose of this standard to illustrate the range of applications of each meter and not to endorse any specific meter. The basic principle of operation of the flow
45、 measuring devices follows the physical laws relating to the conservation of energy and mass for the fluid flows through the device. Any existing or later developed API MPMS document addressing a specific type or design of differential pressure flow measuring device will supersede the requirements o
46、f this document. An example of one such existing standard is API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards, Chapter 14.3 “Concentric, Square-Edged Orifice Meters.“ 1.2 DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE OR HEAD-TYPE FLOW METERS The operating principle of a differential pressure flow meter is based on two physica
47、l laws - the conservation of energy and conservation of mass, where changes in flow cross-sectional area and/or flow path produce a differential pressure, which is a function of the flow velocity, fluid path, and fluid properties. The following diagrams are presented as examples of some of the possi
48、ble differential pressure devices. Other variations of meter designs are available and possible.It is the intention of this Testing Protocol that no differen-tial pressure meter should be excluded. Therefore, the exam-ples presented are of eligible meters and the document is not limited to these met
49、er types alone. 2CHAPTER 22TESTING PROTOCOLFigure 1Concentric Orifice Flow MeterFigure 2Eccentric and Segmental Orifice Flow MetersFigure 3Quadrant-edge and Conical Orifice PlatesSECTION 2DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE FLOW MEASUREMENT DEVICES 3Figure 4Venturi Flow MeterFigure 5Flow NozzleFigure 6V-cone Flow Meter4CHAPTER 22TESTING PROTOCOLFigure 7DALL Tube Flow MeterFigure 8Wedge Flow MeterFigure 9Pitot-static Tube Flow MeterSECTION 2DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE FLOW MEASUREMENT DEVICES 5Figure 10Multi-port Averageing PitotFigure 11Variable Area Orfice Flow MeterFigure 12Laminar
