1、API PUBL*1593 92 0732290 0503217 3TO = Gasoline Marketing in the United States Today API PUBLICATION 1593 THIRD EDITION, MAY 1992 American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street, Northwest 4 Washington, D.C. 20005 API PUBL*:1593 92 W 0732290 05032LB 237 Gasoline Marketing in the United States Today Manuf
2、acturing, Distribution and Marketing Department API PUBLICATION 1593 THIRD EDITION, MAY 1992 American Petroleum Institute SPECIAL NOTES 1. API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOUL
3、D BE REVIEWED. 2. API IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANU- FACTURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS.
4、 3. INFORMATION CONCERNING SAFETY AND HEALTH RISKS AND PROPER TIONS SHOULD BE OBTAINED FROM THE EMPLOYER, THE MANUFACTURER OR SUPPLIER OF THAT MATERIAL, OR THE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET. 4. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS PRECAUTIONS WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR MATERIA
5、LS AND CONDI- GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANU- FACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COV- ERED BY LETTERS PATENT. NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN ITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETTERS PATENT. THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LI
6、ABIL- 5. GENERALLY, API STANDARDS ARE REVIEWED AND REVISED, REAF- FIRMED, OR WITHDRAWN AT LEAST EVERY FIVE YEARS. SOMETIMES A ONE- TIME EXTENSION OF UP TO TWO YEARS WILL BE ADDED TO THIS REVIEW TER ITS PUBLICATION DATE AS AN OPERATIVE API STANDARD OR, WHERE AN EXTENSION HAS BEEN GRANTED, UPON REPUBL
7、ICATION. STATUS OF THE CYCLE. THIS PUBLICATION WILL NO LONGER BE IN EFFECT FIVE YEARS AF- PUBLICATION CAN BE ASCERTAINED FROM THE API AUTHORING DEPART- MENT TELEPHONE (202) 682-8000. A CATALOG OF API PUBLICATIONS AND MATERIALS IS PUBLISHED ANNUALLY AND UPDATED QUARTERLY BY API, 1220 L STREET, N. W.,
8、 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20005. Copyright O 1992 American Petroleum institute API PUBL*iL593 92 m 0732290 0503220 995 m FOREWORD The contents of this paper are for the purpose of study and discussion of government leg- islative or regulatory proposals and do not necessarily represent the views of the Ameri
9、can Petroleum Institute or any of its members. API publications niay be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however. the Institute makes 110 representation, warranty, or guarantee in conne
10、ction with this pub- lication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage re- sulting from its use or for the violation of any federal state, or municipal regulation with which this publication niay conflict. Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitt
11、ed to the director of the Manufac- turing, Distribution and Marketing Departnient, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. API PUBL*1593 92 m 0732290 0503221 821 W . . TABLE OF CONTENTS I . Introduction . 1 II . Motor Fuel Consumption 1 III . Gasolinc Consumption .
12、 7 IV . The U.S. Motor Fuel Distribution System: Configuration and Geography 17 V . Gasoline Market Participants. Facilities. Institutions . 21 VI . The U.S. Gasoline Pricing System . 25 VIL Motor Gasoline Prices and Taxes 31 VI11 . The Number and Configurations of Retail Gasoline Outlets 43 IX . Em
13、ployment and Productivity in the Retail Gasoline Distribution Industry . 55 X . Environmental Challenges and Responsibilities 59 Endnotes . 73 LIST of TABLES TABLE 2-1: Motor Fuel Consumption by State. 1980 . 5 TABLE 6-1: Key Gasoline Prices by Stage of Distribution. 1990 28 TABLE 7-1: Approximate M
14、ajor Components of Gasoline Prices. 1990 . 31 TABLE 7-2: State and Federal Gasoline Taxes as of April 1992 34 TABLE 7-3: Motor Gasoline Taxes in Some Key Metropolitan Areas as of July 1991 36 TABLE 8-1: The Number of Retail Gasoline Outlets by Data Source. 1977 and 1987 . 45 TABLE 8-2: Total Number
15、of Retail Gasoline Outlets by State. 1977 and 1987 . 47 TABLE 8-3: Percentage Change in Retail Gasoline Outlets Between 1977 and 1987 49 TABLE 8-4: Average Monthly Gallonage for Major Type of Retail Outlets by Region. 1985 and 1990 . 50 TABLE 8-5: The Percentage Change in the Volume of Gasoline Pump
16、ed by Major Type of Retail Outlet by Region. 1985-1990 52 TABLE 10-1: Cities Affected by Clean Air Act Stage II Requirements 62 TABLE 10-2: Estimates of Stage II Costs by Service Station Size . 64 TABLE 10-3: Estimated Non-Attainment Area Gasoline Markets Affected by Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
17、 . 69 TABLE 10-4: A Summary of New and Potential Federal Environmental Costs to the Marketing Sector of the Petroleum Industry . 70 TABLE 2-2: Motor Fuel Consumption by State. 1990 . 6 . V _ ._ API PUBL*1593 92 9 0732290 0503222 768 LIST of FIGURES FIGURE 11-1: Yield From a Barrel of Oil and Relativ
18、e Shares of Motor Fuel Consumption. 1990 2 FIGURE 11-2: Motor Fuel Use by State. 1980 3 FIGURE 11-3: Motor Fuel Use by State. 1990 4 FIGURE 111-1: Motor Gasoline Consumption. 1962-1990 8 FIGURE 111-2: Monthly Gasoline Consumption. January 1985-December 1990 . 8 FIGURE 111-3: Regional Motor Gasoline
19、Grade Shares. 1985 and 1990 9 FIGURE 111-4: Unleaded Gasoline Use by State. 1975 and 1980 . 10 FIGURE 111-5: Unleaded Regular Gasoline Use by State. 1985 and 1990 . 11 FIGURE 111-6: Premium Gasoline Use by State. 1985 and 1990 12 FIGURE 111-7: Consumption of Leaded and Unleaded Motor Gasoline. 1975-
20、1990 . 13 FIGURE 111-8: Self Service Motorist Gasoline Market Share by State. 1991 . 14 FIGURE 111-9: Self Service Motorist Gasoline Market Share. 1977-1991 . 15 FIGURE IV-1: Gasoline Distribution System . 17 FIGURE IV-2: Movements of Finished Motor Gasoline by Petroleum Administration For Defense D
21、istricts During 1990 . 18 FIGURE IV-3: Relative Shares of Petroleum Products Transported by Mode. 1990 19 FIGURE V-1: Gasoline Distribution System . 21 FIGURE V-2: Distribution Channels for Major Companies and Marketers (1989) . 23 FIGURE VI-1: Simplified Schematic Outline of Key Crude Oil and Gasol
22、ine Prices . 26 FIGURE VI-2: DTW. Rack. and New York Spot Market Prices for Regular Unleaded Gasoline. January-July 1990 27 FIGURE VI-3: Refiner Average Wholesale Prices for Gasoline. and Refiner Cnide Oil Acquisition Costs. November 85-October 91 . 29 FIGURE VII-1: Approximate Major Cost Components
23、 of Gasoline Prices. 1990 . 32 FIGURE VII-2: Price Spread Between Refiner Crude Oil Acquisition Costs and Retail Motor Gasoline Prices. (Net of Taxes). 1981-1991 32 FIGURE VII-3: State and Federal Motor Gasoline Taxes as of April 1992 . 35 FIGURE VI14 Chicagos Gasoline Taxes . 37 FIGURE VII-5: Retai
24、l Motor Gasoline Taxes. 1920-1991 . 38 FIGURE VII-6: U.S. Pump Prices and Net of Tax Gasoline Prices. 1920-1991 39 FIGURE VII-7: Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Selected Detailed Expenditure Categories. U.S. City Average. November 1991 . 40 FIGURE VII-8: Consumer Cost of Motor Gasoline
25、 Per Mile Traveled. 1947-1991 . 41 FIGURE VII-9: International Retail Prices For Gasoline 42 FIGURE VIII-1: Number of Retail Gasoline Outlets. 1977 and 1987 43 FIGURE VIII-2: Number of Retail Gasoline Outlets by State. 1977 and 1987 . 48 FIGURE VIII-3: Average Monthly Gallonage for Major Types of Re
26、tail Outlets by Region. 1985 and 1990 . 51 FIGURE VIII-4: The Percentage Share of the Volume of Gasoline Pumped by Major Type of Retail Outlet by Region. 1985 and 1990 . 52 FIGURE VIII-5: Where Consumers Get Commercial Tuneups. 1985 and 1990 . 53 FIGURE IX- 1: Employment in Wholesale Distribution of
27、 Petroleum Products and Gasoline Service Stations by State. January 1. 1990 56 FIGURE IX-2: Gasoline Service Station Output Per Hour. 1963-1989 57 vi API PUBLa1593 92 = 0732290 0503223 bT4 1. INTRODUCTION Motor fuel, and especially gasoline, is essential to the American economy. Gasoline prices are
28、among the most scrutinized prices in motorists budgets. Yet knowledge of gasoline marketing and prices is limited. This booklet provides an overview of gasoline markets, including prices and their components, taxes, employment, and numbers of retail outlets. It also describes the participants, facil
29、ities, and institutions that comprise the gasoline business. Finally, it is a basic data book for gasoline marketing. II. MOTOR FUEL CONSUMPTION Approximately one-fourth of world oil consumption occurs in the U.S., and over two- thirds of U.S. oil use is for transportation. More than one-half of U.S
30、. oil consumption is motor fuel. Indeed, U.S. gasoline consumption exceeds the oil consumption of any other industrialized nation. Motor gasolines represent about 80 percent of total U.S. motor fuel consumption, as indicated in Figure II-1. Most of the remaining motor fuel comprises diesel fuel, the
31、 preferred choice for large motor vehicles due to the greater fuel economy of diesel engines. Today the dominant motor gasoline is unleaded regular, which displaced leaded regular as the leading fuel in the 1980s. ia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, New York, and Texas-accounted for half of the growth i
32、n motor fuel consumption over the past decade. Figures 11-2 and II-3 show that Florida experienced the greatest growth, moving from sixth to third place in state motor fuel consumption. Ohio, however, fell from fourth to sixth in motor fuel consuxption, despite an increase of about 39 million gallon
33、s between 1980 and 1990 (Tables 2-1 and 2-2). Ohio and Illinois consume large amounts of gasohol, a gasoline-ethanol blend. Gasohol accounts for about 20 percent of motor fuel consumption in Ohio and Illinois, compared to about 5 percent nationwide (Table 2-2). Overall, consumption of gasohol increa
34、sed fifteenfold during 1980-90. The leading states in motor fuel use are California and Texas. Just six states-Califom- API PUBL*1593 92 M 0732290 0503224 530 n Figure 11-1: Yield From a Barrel of Oil and Relative Shares of Motor Fuel Consumption, 1990 Leaded 4% Heating/Cooking 15% Yield Source: DOW
35、EIA and Federal Highway Administration Motor Fuel Shares Gasohol 5% Unleaded Midgrade 8% Diesel 15% Premium 16% Unleaded Regular 52% API PUBLU1593 92 W 0732290 0503225 477 W Gasoline Marketing in the U.S. Today 3 O Figure 11-2 Motor Fuel Use by State, 1980 0 Gasoline Diesel Gasohol I 2 I 4 I 6 l I I
36、 I 8 10 12 14 billions of gallons Source: Federal Highway Ad ministra ti on API PUBLa1593 92 0732290 O503226 303 = 4 Figure 11-3 Motor Fuel Use by State, 1990 31 1 HI Av!: I 0 Gasoline Diesel Gasohol 1 Di: -p I I I I I I I I O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 billions of gallons Source: Federal Highway Administr
37、a ti on API PUBL*1593 92 = 0732290 0503227 24T Gasoline Marketing in the U.S. Today 5 State Alahama 7 Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut elaware 11.c. Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mis
38、sissippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolinu North Dakota Ohio Okiahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming TABLE 2-1: MOTOR FUEL CONSUMP
39、TION BY STATE, 1980 Gasoline 1,927,862 176,508 1,335,734 1,158,380 1 1,005,095 1,495,944 1,313,106 287,189 168,308 4,782,182 2,852,361 320,053 485,977 4,734,077 2,619,601 1,541,419 1,290,742 1,731,216 2,053,329 513,146 1,912,745 2,239,015 4,224,371 2,010,927 1,168,545 2,563,018 457,299 835,791 493,6
40、28 408,329 3,157,473 738,984 5,537,492 2,879,089 399,800 4,924,878 1,729,969 1,332,274 4,691,130 374,377 1,545,179 423,548 2,392,632 7,890,182 678,501 236,677 2,566,496 1,861,717 843,208 2,155,685 372,469 (thousands of gallons) Special Fuelsb 322.457 46;132 218,807 213,762 1,153,621 141,087 104,213
41、35,156 17,293 498,560 449,287 19,169 55,085 604,245 577,215 268,905 232,972 247,928 288,967 57,474 165,740 185,113 304,285 252,877 212,544 359,091 98,615 145,923 78,064 27,956 340,076 167,771 332,853 382,817 79,070 707,286 305,944 243,414 705,190 27,187 228,847 73,557 3 83,75 1 1,199,933 111,133 29,
42、771 318,037 235,020 123,976 304,702 93,962 Gasohol O O 2,798 8,250 O 3 15,849 1,512 124 14,359 1 1,063 1,095 O 15,088 O 155,947 37,786 4,763 O 2,634 18,549 16,209 29,924 11,776 O O 158 30,067 O 3,642 6,567 O O 10,688 13,491 16,726 28,910 O O 1,763 11,608 10,507 O O O O O 14,063 692 O 611 Totald 2,29
43、1,673 217,986 1,574,133 1,381,608 12,3 6 6,420 1,620,720 1,414,690 327,360 169,045 5,445,006 3,386,756 334,988 535,022 5,128,791 3,247,3 18 1,687,675 1,556,303 2,023,850 2,324,312 579,803 2,124,779 2,471,139 4,539,735 2,304,715 1,418,224 2,988,253 570,076 1,008,003 575,486 427,045 3,578,999 904,586
44、5,797,567 3,308,621 489,256 5,722,020 2,040,935 1,369,326 5,422,835 408,127 1,816,842 498,947 2,815,891 9,247,206 79 1,656 241,926 2,896,420 2,120,351 979,943 2,s 1 1,462 464.738 TOTAL-US. 104,837,657 13,776,840 497,222 119,4681570 Excludes losses allowed for evaporation, handling, etc. Includes gas
45、ohol figures shown in this table. bRepresents gross gallons of special fuels (primarily diesel fuel with small amounts of liquified peoleum gas) reported by the state motor fuel tax agencies. Represents gross gallons of gasohol (ethanol blends) reported by the states. In states where gasohol is taxe
46、d at the same rate as gasoline, some gasohol gallonage may be commingled with gasoline data. Total excludes exports and military use, but includes 854,073 thousand gallons of gasoline losses allowed for evaporation and handling. Source: Federal Highway Adminisation, “Highway Statistics, 1985,“ Table
47、s MF-221, MF-224T, MF-225, MF-226, and - MF-233GLA. API PUBL*1593 92 W 0732290 0503228 186 W 6 State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware - D.C. Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minn
48、esota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Wa125 21,398,904 7,492,23 1 136,368,453 Excludes losses allowed
49、 for evaporation, handiing, etc. Includes gasohol figures shown in this table. bRepresents gross gallons of special fuels (primarily diesel fuel with small amounts of liquified petroleum gas) reported by the state motor fuel tax agencies. Represents gross gallons of gasohol (ethanol blends) reported by the states. In states where gasohol is taxed at the same rate as gasoline, some gasohol gallonage may be commingled with gasoline data. qotal excludes exports and military use, but includes 707,424 thousand gallons of gasoline losses allowed for evaporation and handl
