1、 - API PUBLtLb42 76 = 0732270 0550577 347 Alcohols, Ethers, and Gasoline-Alcohol and -Ether Blends A Report on Fire-Safety Considerations at Petroleum Marketing Facilities API PUBLICATION 1642 FIRST EDITION, FEBRUARY 1996 American Petroleum Institute API PUBLXLb42 96 0732290 0550578 283 Alcohols, Et
2、hers, and Gasoline-Alcohol and -Ether Blends A Report on Fire-Safety Considerations at Petroleum Marketing Facilities Manufacturing, Distribution, and Marketing Department PUBLICATION 1642 FIRST EDITION, FEBRUARY 1996 American Petroleum Institute API PUBL*lb42 96 0732290 0550574 LIT SPECIAL NOTES 1.
3、 MI PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED. 2. API IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANU- FACTURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUI
4、P THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGA- TIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS. 3. INFORMATION CONCERNING SAFETY AND HEALTH RISKS AND PROPER PRECAUTIONS WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR MATERIALS AND CONDI- TIONS SHOULD BE
5、 OBTAINED FROM THE EMPLOYER, THE MANUFACTURER OR SUPPLIER OF THAT MATERIAL, OR THE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET. 4. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY MI PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANU- FACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT CO
6、V- ERED BY LETTERS PATENT. NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN ITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETTERS PATENT. THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABIL- 5. GENERALLY, API STANDARDS ARE REVIEWED AND REVISED, REM- FIRMED, OR WITHDRAWN AT LEAST EVERY FIVE YEARS. SOMETIMES A REVIEW CYCLE.
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8、RTERLY BY API, 1220 L STREET, N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20005. ONE-TIME EXTENSION OF UP TO TWO YEARS WILL BE ADDED TO THIS AUTHORING DEPARTMENT TELEPHONE (202) 682-8000. A CATALOG OF API All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any mea
9、ns, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other- wise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact API Publications Manager, 1220 L Street, N.W.,Washington, DC 20005. Copyright O 1996 American Petroleum Institute API PUBL*1642 96 = 0732290 0550580 931 = FOREWORD API ta
10、kes no position as to whether any procedure, method, device, or product mentioned in this publication or its appendices is covered by an existing patent or copyright or as to the validity of such coverage. The publication does not grant the right, by implica- tion or otherwise, to sell or use such p
11、rocedures, methods, devices, or products so covered, nor does it insure anyone against liability for infringement of such patents or copyrights. API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data co
12、ntained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation wit
13、h which this publication may conflict. Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the director of the Manufac- turing, Distribution and Marketing Department, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20005. API PUBL*Lb42 96 = O732290 0550581 878 CONTENTS Page
14、 O INTRODUCTION . 1 1 SCOPE . 1 2 REFERENCES 1 2.1 Standards . 1 2.2 Other References 2 3 DEFINITIONS 2 4 FUEL CHARACTERISTICS . 3 5 TERMINALS AND BULK PLANTS 4 5.1 Tank Truck Loading 4 5.2 Biilk Storage Tank Maintenance and Cleaning . 5 5.3 Vapor Control System Operation and Maintenance . 7 6 SERVI
15、CESTATIONS 8 6.1 Tank Truck Unloading into Underground Storage Tanks . 8 6.2 Underground Storage Tank Maintenance 8 6.3 Vehicle Refueling 9 APPENDIX A-TYPICAL FUEL PROPERTY DATA . 11 Figure 1-Typical Gasoline Distribution System Flowpath 1 Tables 1-Typical Fuel Distribution Points 3 A-1-Properties o
16、f Base Gasoline and Oxygenates 12 V API PUBL*Lb42 96 = 0732290 0550582 704 Alcohols, Ethers, and Gasoline-Alcohol and -Ether Blends O Introduction Gasoline blended with alcohols and ethers (oxygenates) has become a standard product since the implementation of reformulated gasoline regulations. When
17、oxygenates are blended with gasoline, the properties of the resulting blend can differ from those of base gasoline. The objective of this report is to educate gasoline marketing personnel about how gasolines blended with oxygenates might impact fire-safety during transport, storage and dispensing. T
18、his publication also addresses storage and handling of oxygenates at terminals and bulk plants, and storage and handling of M85 (a blend of 85 volume percent methanol and 15 volume per- cent gasoline). Examination of fire safety characteristics of neat oxygenates and oxygenate blends suggests that c
19、urrent industry fuel handling practices are adequate for these fuels. The term “oxygenated gasoline” will be used throughout this report to denote gasoline blended with alcohols and ethers. Thus, all reformulated gasolines are included in the definition of oxygenated gasolines. In this report “base
20、gaso- line” will refer to gasoline that has not had any oxygenates added to it, i.e., gasoline that is all hydrocarbons. Reformu- lated blendstock for oxygenate blending is an example of base gasoline. “Neat alcohols” and “ethers” refer to these oxygenate constituents before being blended with gasol
21、ine. “Ethanol” for blending in base gasoline will be assumed to have five volume percent hydrocarbons as denaturant. Section 4 is devoted to a general discussion of the impact of fuel fire-safety characteristics. Section 5 addresses spe- cific fire-safety issues for handling and storing oxygenates i
22、n terminals and bulk plants. Section 6 addresses the same is- sues at service stations. Neat oxygenates are covered only in Section 5 because these blending components are not present at service stations. I 1 Scope This publication examines the fire safety considerations for fuels at petroleum marke
23、ting facilities. It focuses on gasoline blended with oxygenates, and M85, but also includes neat alcohols and ethers since they may be present at terminals and bulk plants for blending purposes. Diesel fuels and “clean” or reformulated diesel fuels are not addressed. Current reformu- lated gasolines
24、 are included within the scope of this report. This publication is not an API recommended practice for handling these fuels, nor is it intended to be a primer on fuel marketing operations fire-safety. Readers not already familiar with recommended practices for gasoline handling and stor- age fire-sa
25、fety should obtain and review the appropriate API and NFPA publications cited in Section 2 before reading this report. This publication does not address health considera- tions associated with use or exposure to these fuels. Figure 1 illustrates the portion of the gasoline marketing system covered i
26、n this report. 2 References 2.1 STANDARDS Unless otherwise specified, the most recent editions or revisions of the following standards, codes, and specifica- tions shall, to the extent specified herein, form a part of this publication. API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS), Chapter 1,
27、 “Vocabulary” Pub 2026 Safe Descent Onto Floating Roofs of Tanks in Petroleum Sewice Pub 2219 Safe Operation of Vacuum Trucks in Petro- leum Service 1 Refinery L Tank Truck Pipeline Bulk Terminal I Imports Tank Truck + Bulk Plant Tank Truck r I Fleet II Vehicles Figure 1 -Typical Gasoline Distributi
28、on System Flowpath 1 API PUBL*LbY2 96 0732290 0550583 640 2 API PUBLICATION 1642 Pub 4498 RP 1604 RP 1626 RP 1627 RP 1631 RP 2003 RP 2015 RP 2027 ASTM D86 D4806 D4814 NFPA An Engineering Analysis of the Effects of Oxygenated Fuels on Marketing Vapor Recovery Equipment Removal and Disposal of Used Un
29、derground Petroleum Storage Tanks Storing and Handling Ethanol and Gasoline- Ethanol Blends at Distribution Terminals and Service Stations Storing and Handling of Gasoline-Methanol/ Cosolvent Blends at Distribution Terminals and Service Stations Interior Lining of Underground Storage Tanks Protectio
30、n Against Ignitions Arising Out of Static, Lightning, and Stray Currents Safe Entry and Cleaning of Petroleum Storage Tanks Ignition Hazards Involved in Abrasive Blasting of Atmospheric Storage in Hydro- carbon Service Standard Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products Standard Specification for
31、 Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blending with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark Ignition Fuel Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel Fire Protection Handbook, 17th Edition National Electrical Code-1 993 Handbook 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code 325M Fire Hazard Pro
32、perties of Flammable Liquids, Gases, and Volatile Solids 2.2 OTHER REFERENCES In addition, this publication draws upon the work pre- sented in the following publications: Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York City, New York, 1984. Alexander,
33、J.E., E.P. Ferber, and W.M. Stahl, “Avoid Leaks from Reformulated Fuels,” Fuel Reformulation, Vol. 4, No. 2, March/April 1994. Douthit, Walt, et al, “Performance Features of 15 vol% MTBEiGasoline Blends,” SAE Paper 881667, 1988. Henry Jr., Cyrus P., “Electrostatic Hazards and Conductivity Additives,
34、” Fuel Reformulation, Vol. 3, No.1, January/ February 1993. American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Phila- delphia, Pennsylvania 19103. National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, Massachucetts 02269-9101. Machiele, Paul A., “Flammability a
35、nd Toxicity Tradeoffs with Methanol Fuels,” SAE Paper 872064, presented at International Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exposition, Toronto, Ontario, November 2-5, 1987. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this publication, the following defini- tions apply: 3.1 Autoignition temperature is the minim
36、um temperature to which a substance in air must be heated in order to initiate or cause self-sustained combustion independently of the heating or heated element. 3.2 The boilingpoint is the temperature at which a liquid exerts a vapor pressure of 14.7 pounds per square inch gauge (760 millimeters me
37、rcury). When an accurate boiling point is unavailable for the material in question, or for mixtures that do not have a constant boiling point, the 10 percent point of a distillation performed in accordance with ASTM D86 may be used as the boiling point of the liquid. Note: This information will be r
38、eflected in the 1996 edition of NFPA 30. 3.3 Bonding is the permanent joining of metallic parts to form an electrically conductive path which will assure electrical continuity and the capacity to conduct safely any current likely to be imposed. 3.4 Denatured fiel ethanol is ethanol which has had fiv
39、e volume percent of hydrocarbons added to it to make it unfit for human consumption. Hydrocarbons suitable for use as denaturants are detailed in ASTM D-4806. 3.5 Aflarnmable liquid is a liquid having a closed cup flash point below 100F (37.8”C), having a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 pounds per s
40、quare inch gauge (2068 millimeters mercury) at 100F (37.8”C), and is known as a Class I liquid. 3.6 Flammability limits are the minimum and maximum concentrations of vapor in air that are flammable and will support combustion. A vapor-air concentration below the lower flammable limit (LFL) is too le
41、an to ignite while a concentration above the upper flammable limit (UFL) is too rich to ignite. 3.7 Flameout is the extinguishing of a flame in a combus- tion device. Flameout occurs in vapor incineration units at refineries, terminals, and bulk plants when the vapor-air mix- ture goes outside of th
42、e flammability limits. 3.8 Theflash point is the minimum temperature of a liquid at which sufficient vapor is produced to form a flammable mixture with air. 3.9 The heat of vaporization is the quantity of heat ab- sorbed or given off by a substance in passing between liquid and gaseous phases. For p
43、etroleum products, heat of API PUBL*Lb42 96 W 0732290 0550584 587 W ALCOHOLS, ETHERS, AND GASOLINE-ALCOHOL AND -ETHER BLENDS 3 vaporization is expressed in British thermal units per pound (Kcal per kilogram), the temperature is the boiling point, or boiling range, and the pressure is 14.7 pounds per
44、 square inch (101.4 kilopascals). Heat of vaporization is also known as latent heat of vaporization. 3.1 O The initial boilingpoint is the recorded temperature when the first drop of distilled liquid is liquefied and falls from the end of the condenser, as specified in ASTM D86. 3.11 ducting body th
45、at serves in place of the earth. 3.12 Miscibility is the tendency or capacity of two or iiiore liquids to form a uniform blend (that is, to dissolve in each other). Degrees of miscibility are total miscibility, partial miscibility, and immiscibility. 3.13 in85 is a blend of 85 volume percent methano
46、l and 15 volume percent gasoline. This blend is used in methanol vehicles, or flexible fuel vehicles that can use M85, gasoline, or any blend in between. 3.14 An oxygenate is an oxygen-containing, ashless, or- ganic compound such as an alcohol or ether which can be used as a fuel or fuel supplement.
47、 3.15 Reid vapor pressure (RVP) is the vapor pressure of gasoline or gasoline blending components measured at lOO“F, according to ASTM Test Method D323. Note: ASTM Test Method D323 is valid for base gasolines and blends of gasoline and ethers. Gasolines containing alcohols must use an appropriate “d
48、ry“ procedure as specified in ASTM D4814. 3.16 True vapor pressure is the pressure of vapor in equilibrium with liquid. True vapor pressure is used to dis- tinguish vapor pressure at ambient temperature, as opposed to 100F as used in the Reid vapor pressure test. 3.1 7 T20 or 20 volume percent disti
49、llation temperature is the temperature at which 20 volume percent of a wide boil- ing range fluid has vaporized. The T20 value is used as the boiling point for determining the flammability classification under NFPA guidelines. 3.1 8 pied by contents. 3.19 by vapors produced from a liquid at a given temperature. 3.20 Vapor density is the weight of a volume of pure vapor (that is, vapor with no air present) compared to the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure. 3.21 solid is soluble in water. Grounded means connected to e
