1、Study of Used Mohr Oil -, I , kRecycling in Eleven -. Selected Countries By the Used Oil Working Group November 1997 ,. , ,. 8. i , i r. “. , -. I . . , I . /, I GUIDING PRINCIPLES -. . -. . -, , - The members of the American Petroleumkstitute are dedicated to continuous- efforts to. improve the com
2、patibility f our operations with thy environmdnt while economically devel- oping energy resources and supplying high quality products and services to consumers. We, recognize our responsibility- to work with the public, the government, and others to develop and to use natural resources in an ethiron
3、mentdly sound manner while protecting thehealth andosafety of our employees and the public. To meet thyse responsibilities, API members *i - . I pledge to manage our Fusinesses according to the following principles using sound science to prioritize risks and to implement cost-effectivemanagement pra
4、ctices: ! -1 . .7 , ., , (i I. , T recognize and to respond to community concerns,about I, . our raw materials, .,. prod- .,. I. . 2, I :, ., , . I, I, . , , A, I , i I. . I. 8. I , I, , I ,. ,- . resources by using energy efficienily. ; ,.I. .- - i “ , . : To eitend $nowledge by conducling or suppo
5、 products,.processes an,d waste-materials: . . 1. .c . , I 8, *I I *. r . . ali;petrol - I . . 8; - . r .,* , I. , : ,. , ,. . I ,. i- , ., , . .I ., ) , * . L, Study of Used Motor Oil Recycling In Eleven Selected Countries BY The Used Oil Working Group November 1997 Executive Summary The study desc
6、ribed in this report obtained information about used motor oil collection and recycling programs in eleven selected countries around the world. As the number of motor vehicles, including not only passenger automobiles but also trucks, construction equipment, buses, and other public conveyances incre
7、ases, countries face a growing need to find ways to collect and reuse the lubricating oil that these vehicles use. In the United States, the American Petroleum Institute (API) has sponsored a range of programs to promote the environmentally protective management and recycling of used motor oil. API
8、and its members have served as a resource for the development of used motor oil recycling programs in other countries, and have a long-term interest in how other countries address used motor oil. API and its Used Oil Working Group therefore sponsored a review of a range of programs, from the most hi
9、ghly developed to the most preliminary, as a means of understanding how a variety of countries are addressing the issue. The eleven countries examined are, in alphabetical order, Argentina, Brazil, France, Germany, Japan, Mexico, the Philippines, South Africa, Sweden, Thailand, and Trinidad and Toba
10、go. They span a wide range of geographic locations, as well as different economic and political systems. As the study indicates, they have, in particular, many different approaches to used motor oil recycling. Although a broad range of source materials were examined in the course of the research, in
11、 the end much of the most useful information came from person-to-person contacts between APIs researchers and key persons in the countries of interest. Literature searches, collections of international legislative materials, and the Internet were used to collect background information, and in some c
12、ases (e.g., Germany and France) the Internet, in particular, proved to be a very valuable source of information. The embassies in the United States of the eleven countries, and U.S. embassies abroad, in some cases provided the names of key contacts. Ultimately, a written protocol of questions was se
13、nt to one or more contacts in each of the eleven countries. Telephone contacts led to additional sources. Extensive followup telephone interviews were necessary to collect the desired information. In several countries, little or no data were available on some of the core questions. In particular, in
14、formation is frequently difficult to obtain on do-it-yourself motor oil changers, especially their numbers and the amounts of used motor oil that they generate. Statistics also do not always distinguish clearly between used motor oil and other categories of used oil. Frequently, too, the definition
15、of what it means to “recycle“ used motor oil is imprecise; burning such oil, even burning before impurities have been removed, sometimes is considered recycling. Recognize that a more structured program about used motor oil is needed. About half of the countries surveyed, including Japan, Mexico, th
16、e Philippines, Thailand, and Trinidad and Tobago, have embarked on efforts to learn more about the issue and design programs to address it. Brazil, France, Germany, South Africa, and Sweden, in contrast, seem to have effectively functioning programs at the present time, although the structures of th
17、ose programs are very different. Brazil has a nationally- mandated program that apparently is implemented, and may vary significantly, on the local level. France and Germany have relatively centralized and prescriptive programs, mandated by national law. Sweden, in contrast, uses a decentralized and
18、 non-prescriptive approach. In South Africa, manufacturers of motor oil subsidize the used motor oil collection and recycling program. II STUDY OF USED MOTOR OIL RECYCLING IN ELEVEN SELECTED COUNTRIES National Collection of Legislation On Collection of Used Oil at Program(s) to Used Motor Oil Used O
19、il at Sales Service and Involve Do-It- Recycling Points Repair Shops Yourselfers France J J J Germany J J J J Sweden J South Africa J J Mexico J Trinidad however, the more environmentally sound manner has priority. Only those substances that cannot be recycled at any stage of the production cycle ma
20、y be disposed. A number of supplements to the act define and regulate the substances that may be disposed, and the environmentally appropriate treatment and disposai of these substances. The directives and guidelines of the law came into effect when the law was signed, and a number of transitional r
21、egulations were developed for the directives on waste certification, waste requiring special supervision, and waste transportation. Many of the new regulations, especially those with substantially new regulations regarding the designation of wastes as being recyclable and the materials used, will no
22、t come into effect until January 1, 1999.30 Waste Avoidance, Recycling and Disposal Act. Waste Avoidance, Recycling and Disposal Act. 29 30 14 STUDY OF USED MOTOR OIL RECYCLlNG IN ELEVEN SELECTED COUNTRIES Update of the Waste Oil Ordinance The German federal government is currently in the process of
23、 revising and updating the regulations for used oil collection, transportation, and disposai under the Waste Oil Ordinance of 1987. Although the update to the ordinance was expected to be completed by September 1996, the precise changes have not been finalied. Much of the present legislation is expe
24、cted to remain intact; however, a number of clauses are expected to become more stringent. Only engine and transmission, and mineral machine, turbine, or hydraulic oils may be reprocessed under this law. In addition, any oil that contains over 20 ppm PCBs may only be reprocessed by using methods tha
25、t destroy the contaminants?2 All oils not subject to reprocessing must observe the regulations under the Federal Emissions Control Act (Bundesimmissionsschutzgestz) for thermal recycling. Only those substances that cannot be reprocessed or thermally recycled may be disposed of as hazardous waste (as
26、 provided by the Waste Avoidance, Recycling, and Disposal Act). The government intends to update the regulation in a way that will maintain the current proportions of reprocessing versus burning. Currently, approximately two thirds of used motor oils are recycled or reprocessed, and one third is dis
27、posed of thermally, primarily through burning in cement kilns. The German cement industry uses approximately 90 percent of the oil which is disposed of thermally for fuel in its kilns.33 CURRENT USED OIL MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES Currently, automobiles account for approximately half of the total lubrica
28、ting oil consumed in Germany. Industries, using oil and oil-based lubricants in their manufacturing processes, are the other major consumer. Together, industries and automobiles account for approximately 95 percent of ail of the motor oil used in Germany (see Figure 7). Although it is important to n
29、ote that industries use motor oil in their manufacturing processes, it is not regulated in the same manner, or under the same legislation, as motor oil used in automobiles. Therefore, this analysis is addressed primarily at the collection, transportation, and disposal of used motor oil produced by a
30、utomobiles. Figure 7 Estimated Distribution of Motor Oil Consumption Automotive Industry 46% 49% Other 5% Source: CONCAWE, p.84. _ Personal Communication: Hans Wischmann, Trade Specialist, Consulate of the United States of America, the Precise directions for the testing and analysis of oils must be
31、observed to ensure that the PCB levels remain within the 31 Commercial Service, Hamburg, Gemmy. April 9, 1997. prescribed limits. Waste Oil Ordinance. http:/www.umweltbundesamt.de/uba-info-daten-e/daten-e/wte-oiI- ordinance. htm 32 Wischmann, Consulate of the United States of America. 33 AMERICAN PE
32、TROLEUM INSTITUTE 15 The number of vehicles registered in Germany has been steadily increasing since the early 1950 and has only recently started to level off. In 1994, approximately 36 million vehicles were registered in Germany, 28 million, or approximately 80 percent, of which were passenger cars
33、.34 This ratio, illustrated in Figure 8, which shows the trends for both passenger and total vehicles since 1970, has remained relatively consistent over the last 25 years. In addition, it is estimated that 13 percent of all the oil changes performed annually are done by do-it-yourselfer. Due to the
34、se factors, the general populace is the single largest producer of used motor oil from automobiles in Germany. Figure 8 Vehicle Registrations in West Germany: 1970 to 1994 25000000 - L o ,20000000 - L transmission and gear oils accounted for an additional 84.3 ktonnes (see Figure 9).36 A 1995 study
35、by CONCAWE estimated that, of the total motor and transmission oil sold in 1995, approximately 327 ktonnes were purchased for use in passenger cars. Motor oil accounted for approximately 75 percent of this demand, with all the other substances making up the remaining quarter (see Figure 1 O). Under
36、German law, consumers are required to treat all of these substances as hazardous materials, and must dispose of them accordingly. In addition, it is illegal for both consumers and collectors to mix used motor oil with any other substance, such as brake fluids, solvents, or other toxic or hazardous m
37、aterials. Germany-Total Registrations 1954-1994. Verband der Automobilindustrie E.V. 34 35 CONCAWE, p. 84. Personal Communication: Klaus Fricke, Umweltbundesamt. Berlin, Germany. April 23, 1997 36 16 STUDY OF USED MOTOR OIL RECYCLING IN ELEVEN SELECTED COWTRIES Figure 9 Domestic Sales of Motor Oil:
38、1993 Transmission/ Gear Oil 8% 52% Source: Fricke, Umweltbundesamt. Figure 10 Total Sales of Passenger Automotive Oils: 1995 I Transmission Gear Oils I I 1 Source: CONCAWE, p. 84. As Table 2 indicates, motor oil is purchased at a number of different locations. However, all of these vendors are subje
39、ct to the same regulations concerning the sale and collection of the oil. Under the AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE 17 current law, vendors of motor oil are required to indicate clearly, at the point of sale, the location of a collection site for waste in close proximity to, their point of sale. They a
40、re required to accept used oil, at no cost, in the same quantity as that which is being purchased, or if the consumer can provide documentation (e.g., a sales receipt) of a purchase of the same quantity at an earlier date. In addition, vendors must have a used motor oil collection site either at, or
41、 Table 2-Sales Patterns for Passenger Car Oils and Lubricants: 1995 Used Motor Oil Collection All vendors of motor oil must provide a collection site for used motor oil either on, or in close proximity to, their premises. These vendors are also required to pay haulers to pick up and transport the us
42、ed motor oil to appropriate collection facilities. On average, the ownedgenerator of the used oil pays the equivalent of approximately $90 per ton for the collection and transport of the used oil. The amount that recyclers will pay for used motor oil from transporters depends on how it is going to b
43、e recycled. Typically, oil is purchased for up to $70 per ton if it is to be disposed of by burning in a cement kiln or up to $55 per ton if the oil is to be re-refited. In 1995, the Umweltbundesamt estimated that approximately 690 ktonnes of used motor oil were produced.39 Of this, 482.5 ktonnes we
44、re recycled or reconditioned into a number of different oil-based products, including such fuels as diesel, ship, and gas oils, and 133.5 ktonnes were discharged into waste water or other waste streams, lost during the production cycle, or used in other thermal processes. Approximately 242.7 ktonnes
45、 of the used oil collected were not recycled. This can be due to a number of different factors, including the contamination level of the oil, demand for used motor oil by the cement and other industries, and cost, relative to total purchases in both the recycling and burning industries. Of this volu
46、me, an average of 70 percent was burned in cement kilns and 30 percent was burned as special wastes (SAV) or disposed of in another manner (see Figure 11). In addition, engine and transmission oils may only be sold in conjunction with the following statement, printed either on the container itself,
47、or clearly indicated at the point of sale: “This oil should be taken to a waste oil collection point after use. Improper disposal of waste oil harms the environment! Admixture of foreign substances such as solvents, brake fluids, and coolants is prohibited.” Waste Oil Ordinance. 37 CONCAWE, p. 84. F
48、ricke, Umweltbundesamt. 38 39 18 STUDY OF USED MOTOR OIL RECYCLING IN ELEVEN SELECTED COLJNTRIES RecycledDteconditioned and Losses I 482.5 ktonnes Figure 11-Schematic Diagram of Used Motor Oil Use I Recycled into other products, e.g. Used Motor Oil Produced in 1995 690 ktonnes Collected but not Recy
49、cled 242.7 ktonnes I Burned in cement kilns diesel, ship, or gas oils (349 ktonnes). Emitted into waste waters, waste streams, and other production losses (1 27 ktonnes). Used thermally (6.5 ktonnes). (1 67.7 ktonnes). Burned as special waste (75 ktonnes). Used Motor Oil Reuse and Recycling The German Federal Environmental Agency considers that after a lubricant is used, it may fall into one of three groups, depending on how and where it will be treated or disposed (see Figure 12 for
