1、Impact Assessment of New Data On the Validity of American Petroleum Institute Marine Tran sf er O pera t i on Emission Factors PUBLICATION 2524 JULY 1992 Reaffirmed 200 1 *#- Strategirs /or Todaji American Petroleum Institute Environmenta! Parrnrrship One of the most significant long-term trends aff
2、ecting the future vitality of the petroleum industry is the publics concerns about the environment. Recognizing this trend, API mem- ber companies have developed a positive, forward looking strategy called STEP: Strategies for Todays Environmental Partnership. This program aims to address public con
3、cerns by improving industrys environmental, health and safety performance; documenting perfor- mance improvements; and communicating them to the public. The foundation of STEP is the API Environmental Mission and Guiding Environmental Principles. API standards, by promoting the use of sorind enginee
4、ring and operational practices, are an important means of implementing APIs STEP program. API ENVIRONMENTAL MISSION AND GUIDING ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES The members of the American Petroleum Institute are dedicated to continuous efforts to improve the compatibility of our operations with the environ
5、ment while economically de- veloping energy resources and supplying high quality products and services to consumers. The members recognize the importance of efficiently meeting societys needs and our re- sponsibility to work with the public, the government, and others to develop and to use nat- ural
6、 resources in an environmentally sound manner while protecting the health and safety of our employees and the public. To meet these responsibilities, API members pledge to manage our businesses according lo these principles: e To recognize and to respond to community concerns about our raw materials
7、, prod- ucts and operations. e To operate our plants and facilities, and to handle our raw materials and products in a manner that protects the environment, and the safety and health of our employees O O O O O O and the public. To make safety, health and environmental considerations a priority in ou
8、r planning, and our development of new products and processes. To advise promptly appropriate officials, employees, customers and the public of in- formation on significant industry-related safety, health and environmental hazards, and to recommend protective measures. To counsel customers, transpor
9、ters and others in the safe use, transportation and dis- posai of our raw materials, products and waste materials. To economically develop and produce natural resources and to conserve those re- sources by using energy efficiently. To extend knowledge by conducting or supporting research on the safe
10、ty, health and environmental effects of our raw materials, products, processes and waste materials. To commit to reduce overall emissions and waste generation. To work with others to resolve problems created by handling and disposal of haz- ardous substances from our operations. To participate with
11、government and others in creating responsible laws, regulations and standards to safeguard the community, workplace and environment. To promote these principles and practices by sharing experiences and offering assis- tance to others who produce, handle, use, transport or dispose of similar raw mate
12、ri- als, petroleum products and wastes. API PUBLlk2524 92 0732290 050353b TT5 SPECIAL NOTES 1. API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED. 2. API IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO
13、MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANU- FACTURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS. 3. INFORMATION CONCERNING SAFETY AND HEALTH
14、 RISKS AND PROPER TIONS SHOULD BE OBTAINED FROM THE EMPLOYER, THE MANUFACTURER OR SUPPLIER OF THAT MATERIAL, OR THE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET. 4. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS PRECAUTIONS WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR MATERIALS AND CONDI- GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICA
15、TION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANU- FACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COV- ERED BY LETTERS PATENT. NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN ITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETTERS PATENT. THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABIL- 5. GENERALLY, API STANDARDS ARE REVIEW
16、ED AND REVISED, REAF- FIRMED, OR WITHDRAWN AT LEAST EVERY FIVE YEARS. SOMETIMES A ONE- TIME EXTENSION OF UP TO TWO YEARS WILL BE ADDED TO THIS REVIEW TER ITS PUBLICATION DATE AS AN OPERATIVE API STANDARD OR, WHERE AN EXTENSION HAS BEEN GRANTED, UPON REPUBLICATION. STATUS OF THE CYCLE. THIS PUBLICATI
17、ON WILL NO LONGER BE IN EFFECT FIVE YEARS AF- PUBLICATION CAN BE ASCERTAINED FROM THE API AUTHORING DEPART- MENT TELEPHONE (202) 682-8000. A CATALOG OF API PUBLICATIONS AND MATERIALS IS PUBLISHED ANNUALLY AND UPDATED QUARTERLY BY API, 1220 L STREET, N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20005. Copyright O 1992 Ame
18、rican Petroleum Institute API PUBLX2524 92 0732290 0503537 931 W FOREWORD Atmospheric Hjdrocarboii En2ssioizsfr-onz Mariize Vessel Traizsfer Operatioizs (API Pub- lication 25 14A) presents correlations and emission factors for estimating total hydrocarbon emissions and evaporative cargo losses from
19、marine vessel loading and ballasting opera- tions of crude oil tankers. The test programs from which the marine emissions data base was developed were de- signed to determine the total hydrocarbon emissions from a vessels cargo tanks during gasoline and crude oil loading and during cargo tank ballas
20、ting after the discharge of crude oil. In general, the measurement procedures and data analysis techniques used in API 2514A follow those developed as part of the Western Oil and Gas Association Marine Mea- surement Program. The tests were conducted during all seasons of the year and in many re- gio
21、ns of the country, usually during routine operations. The data base for crude oil loading emissions consists of emission measurements from 16 separate vessel operations, each of which represents averages of from 1 to 11 different compartments. The entire data base represents the measured emissions f
22、rom 67 vessel com- partments. These data were separated into three categories, as a function of prior cargo and ballast voyage compartment treatment. The emission data from each separate operation were separately analyzed to determine arrival. generated, and total emission factors. The data base for
23、 crude oil ballasting emissions consists of emission measurements from 54 individual vessel compartments. These data were separated into two categories. as a function of the true cargo ullage in the compartment prior to dockside discharge. The emis- sion data from each compartment were analyzed sepa
24、rately to determine total emission fac- tors. The correlations and factors for estimating emissions are applicable to product and crude oil tankers currently calling at U.S. ports. However, these correlations and factors should not be used for estimating emissions from very large crude carriers (VLC
25、Cs) or for vessels that employ crude oil washing. The publication does not address crude oil loading into barges, gasoline tanker ballasting, or in-transit losses since emission data were not available for these operations. API commissioned CH2M Hill to assess the validity and application of the mar
26、ine vessel loading and ballasting emission factors documented in Publication 25 14A. The validity as- sessment was necessary due to new crude oil loading test data from Valdez, Alaska. which suggests higher crude oil loading emissions for transfer operations than those predicted by API 2514A equatio
27、ns. The Valdez, Alaska testing was conducted by Alyeska Pipeline Ser- vice Company and its owner organizations. CH2M Hill reviewed and critiqued test data bases and emission models obtained through a literature search and performed a direct comparison of emission test data with predictive emission m
28、odels by API, ARCO and EXXOK. The principal focus of the CH2M Hill work was the review of crude oil loading emissions since the new data primarily pertained to this type of operation. The test data base/emission model critique and emission comparison tasks found that the API crude oil loading emissi
29、on model appears to adequately predict emissions for tankers ranging in size from 17,000 to 35.000 dead weight tons (dwt) and for tankers being loaded within the lower 48 states (original test data base). Although the model does not appear to apply to crude oil loading of Very Large Crude Carriers (
30、VLCCs - 1.0o0 to 499.000 dwt) in Valdez, there is no known test data that conflicts with the models ability to predict crude oil loading emissions from carriers smaller than VLCCs in the lower 48. On average. the API model adequately estimates arrival emissions from crude oil loading operations. API
31、 publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them: however. iii API PUBL*252it 92 0732290 0503538 878 the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with
32、 this pub- lication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage re- sulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict. Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the
33、director of the Industry Services Department, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. iv API PUBLs2524 92 M 0732290 0503539 704 W SFO-WDC33%4AOOI 0.5 1 I CONTENTS Page 1 Executive Summary 1-1 1.1 Major Study Findings 1-1 1.2 Validity Assessment 1-2 1.3 Recommendati
34、ons 1-3 1.3.1 Crude Oil Loading Emissions 1-3 1.3.2 Gasoline Loading Emissions . 1-3 1.3.3 Crude Oil Ballasting Emissions . 1-4 2 Introduction . 2-1 3 Literature Search and Survey . 3-1 4 Review of Marine Vessel Emission Data BasesModels 4-1 API 25 144 Atmospheric Hydrocarbon Emissions from Marine V
35、essel Transfer Operations . 4-1 4.1.1 Review of Sampling/Analytical Procedures Used for the API Test Data Bases . 4-1 4.1.2 Gasoline Loading . 4-2 4.1.3 Crude Oil Loading Emissions 4-3 4.1.4 Crude Oil Ballasting Emissions . 4-7 4.2 Valdez Tanker Loading-Alyeska Report . 4-9 4.2.2 Description of ARCO
36、 Mechanistic Model 4-14 4.2.3 Description of BP Mechanistic Model . 4-17 4.3 EXXON Marine Vessel Loading Emission Model . 4-19 4.3.1 Test Data Base and Evaluation 4-19 4.1 4.2.1 Test Data Base Description and Evaluation 4-10 . 5 Comparison of Vessel Loadinmallasting Emission Estimates 5-1 5.1 Crude
37、Oil Loading Emissions Predictions . 5-1 5.1.1 MI Model Crude Oil Loading Emissions Predictions . 5-1 5.1.2 ARCO Plano Model Crude Oil Loading Emission Predictions 5-2 5.1.3 EXXON Model Crude Oil Loading Emission Predictions . . 5-2 Comparison of ARCO. EXXON. and API 2514A Crude Oil Loading Emission
38、Estimates 5-3 Comparison of EXXON and API 2514A Gasoline Loading Emission Estimates . 5-4 Comparison of API 2514A Crude Oil Ballasting Emission Estimates With Actual Test Data . 5-4 5-5 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Summary of Direct Crude Oil Loading Emission Comparisons . API PUBLU2524 92 = 0732290 0503540 42b
39、CONTENTS (Continued) Page 6 Validity and Application of NI Emission Estimates . 6-1 6.1 Test Data Base/Model Summary . 6-1 6.2 Review of Parameters Affecting Generated Component Emissions 6-2 6.3 Review of Parameters Affecting Arrivai Component Emissions . 6-9 6.4 Review of API Crude Oil Loading Mod
40、el Equation 6-12 7 Recommendations for Improving the Validity of the API 2514A Emission Estimates 7-1 7.1 Crude Oil Loading Emissions 7-1 7.2 Gasoline Loading Emissions . 7-2 7.3 Crude Oil Ballasting Emissions 7-2 8 References . 8-1 8.1 Personal Communications 8-2 Appendix A. CRUDE OIL LOADING EMISS
41、IONS/COMPARISON TEST DATA BASE FIGURES 5-1 5-2 5-3 Crude Oil Loading Average Arrival Emissions Crude Oil Loading Average Generated Emissions Crude Oil Loading Average Total Emissions 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 66 6-7 Crude Oil Loading Measured Generated Emissions Versus True Vapor Pressure Crude Oil Loadin
42、g Measured Generated Emissions Versus Loaded Temperature Difference Crude Oil Loading Measured Generated Emissions Versus Surface Area Crude Oil Loading Measured Generated Emissions Versus Loaded Rate Crude Oil Loading Measured Generated Emissions Versus Loaded Crude Temperature Crude Oil Loading Me
43、asured Generated Emissions Versus Dead Weight Tonnage Crude Oil Loading Measured Arrival emissions Versus percent Cargo Space Crude Oil Washed (Alyeska Data Only) TABLES All tables are shown at the end of their respective sections. !FO-WDC33344M0010.5 I API PUBL*2524 92 W 0732290 0503543 362 W Secti
44、on 1 Executive Summary CH2M HILL was retained by the American Petroleum Institute (NI) to assess the validity and application of the marine vessel loading and ballasting emission factors documented in the API publication entitled “Atmospheric Hydrocarbon Emissions from Marine Vessel Transfer Operati
45、ons,“ API Publication 25 14A, Second Edition, September 1981, reaffirmed August 1987. This validity assessment was considered necessary in light of new crude oil loading test data from Valdez, Alaska, which suggest higher crude oil loading emissions than that predicted by the API 2514A equations. Th
46、e testing was conducted by the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company and its owner organizations. The assessment incorporated the following elements, a comprehensive literature search and phone survey of API member organizations for published and unpublished information on hydrocarbon emissions from mari
47、ne vessel loading and ballasting operations, a review and critique of the test data bases and emission models obtained from the literature search, and a direct comparison of emission test data with predictive emission models by API, Atlantic Richfield (ARCO), and EXXON. A review of crude oil loading
48、 emissions was the principal focus of the study since most of the new data obtained pertained to this marine vessel operation. The NI crude oil loading equations were priinarily based on test data from Ventura County, California. The ARCO model was designed to correlate crude oil loading emissions f
49、rom the Alyeska (Valdez, Alaska) test data. The EXXON model was designed to correlate crude oil and gasoline loading emissions with test data primarily from Baytown, Texas. 1.1 Major Study Findings The major findings of the test data base/emission model critique and emission comparison tasks are as follows: 1. The API crude oil loading emission model appears to adequately predict emissions for tankers ranging in size from 17,000 to 35,000 dead weight tons (dwt) and for tankers being loaded within the lower 48 states (the original test data base). The model does not appear to app
