1、API PUBLS42b2 90 0732230 00952bb L Methanol Vehicle Emissions API PUBLICATION 4262 DECEMBER 1990 American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street, Northwest Methanol Vehicle Emissions Thomas J. Lareau, Policy Analysis Department David H. Lax, Health and Environmental Sciences Department Paul A. Martino, H
2、ealth and Environmental Sciences Department Willis E. Bush, Editorial and Special Issues Department Refining Department API PUBLICATION 4262 DECEMBER 1990 American Petroleum Institute SPECIAL NOTES 1, API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCU
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8、RWISE, FOR THE MANU- MENT TELEPHONE (202) 682-8000. A CATALOG OF API PUBLICATIONS AND Copyright O 1990 American Petroleum Institute - API PUBL*q262 90 W 0732290 0095269 7 W FOREWORD This publication was prepared by members of the API Alternative Fuels Group, includ- ing Thomas J. Lareau, Policy Anal
9、ysis Department; David H. Lax and Paul A. Martino, Health and Environmental Sciences Department: and Willis E. Bush, Editorial and Special Issues Department. The data in the report were provided by federal and state regulatory agencies and API member companies. This report evolved from work initiall
10、y undertaken by Paul Martino, who reviewed the emissions studies that comprise Appendix C. David Lax organized the emissions data from the various published studies and from many organizations into a spreadsheet. From this he created an initial set of emissions graphics for particular vehicle classe
11、s (the precursor to the second-level screening analysis). Thomas Lareau provided the first-level screening analysis and served as overall coordinator of the report in its later stages. Bill Bush provided edito- rial assistance throughout the process. Many other API staff members contributed to the p
12、reparation and review of this report. In particular, Michael E. Canes, Ronald L. Jones, James E. Williams, and James Vai1 pro- vided critical reviews and suggestions that clarified and extended the analysis in important ways. External reviews by Bruce Beyaert (Chevron), Sandra Minor (Unocal), B. D.
13、Keller (Amoco), and James Macias (Shell) also served to improve the final version of this report. Finally, we would like to thank Constance Polite, who typed the original drafts of the report, and the API Refining Department editorial staff, who edited the final version and produced the book. The au
14、thors appreciate the efforts of all these individuals, without which this re- port would npt have been as clear or technically sound. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data and analysis contained in this study. However, the contents of this pub
15、lication are meant for the purposes of study and discussion of technical and regulatory issues and do not necessarily represent the views of the Institute or any of its members. CONTENTS SECTION 1-EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SECTION 2-METHANOL VEHICLE EMISSIONS DATA BASE . Methanol Emissions Studies Exhaust E
16、missions Focus . Federal Test Procedure Conditions . Measurement Procedures . Test Vehicles . Two Emissions Data Bases Determining Emissions Trends SECTION 3-MEASURING METHANOL VEHICLE EMISSIONS . Organic Material Hydrocarbon-Equivalent Emissions Flame Ionization Detection Measurement Bias SECTION 4
17、-METHANOL EMISSIONS TRENDS . Analysis of All Emissions Data With Odometer Readings . Formaldehyde . Nitrogen Oxides . Organics . Carbon Monoxide . Classes of Vehicles Providing Data for Analysis . Dedicated M85 Vehicles (Older U.S. Auto Manufacturer Technology) Dedicated M85 Vehicles (Older Foreign
18、Auto Manufacturer Technology) . Dedicated M85 Vehicles (Recent U.S. Auto Manufacturer Technology) Dedicated M85 Vehicles (Recent Foreign Auto Manufacturer Technology) . Dedicated M100 Vehicles . Flexible-Fuel Vehicles Emissions Trends From Restricted Data Formaldehyde Emissions . Nitrogen Oxide Emis
19、sions . Carbon Monoxide Emissions . Organic Emissions Analysis of Additional Methanol Emissions Data and Advanced Catalyst Research . Analysis of Prototype Vehicle Technology Analysis of Advanced Catalyst Research . Evaporative Emissions Trends . SECTION 5-CONCLUSIONS M85 Vehicles . M 100 Vehicles .
20、 SECTION 6-REFERENCES APPENDIX A-EXHAUST EMISSIONS DATA . APPENDIX B-EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS DATA . APPENDIX C-SUMMARY OF METHANOL VEHICLE EMISSIONS STUDIES . Page 1 7 8 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 30 30 31 31 33 33 33 34 37 67 77 API PUBL*4262 90 m 0732290 0095271i 5 = Figures 1-Fo
21、rmaldehyde Emissions: Dedicated M85 Toyota Camry 2-Formaldehyde Emissions: 1981-1985 vs . 1986-1988 Models 3-Formaldehyde Emissions: M85 vs . M100 . 4-NOX Emissions: 1981-1985 vs . 1986-1988 Models 5-NO. Emissions: M85 vs . M100 . 6-OMHCE Emissions: 1981-1985 vs . 1986-1988 Models 7-OMHCE Emissions:
22、 M85 vs . M100 8-CO Emissions: 1981-1985 vs . 1986-1988 Models 9-CO Emissions: M85 vs . M100 10-Distribution of Maximum Mileage Accumulated . 1 1-Formaldehyde Emissions: Full vs . Subset Data 12-NO, Emissions: Full vs . Subset Data 13-OMHCE Emissions: Full vs . Subset Data 14-CO Emissions: Full vs .
23、 Subset Data 15-Formaldehyde Emissions: Five 1983 Carbureted Ford Escorts (M85) . 16-Formaldehyde Emissions: Three 1983 Fuel-Injected Ford Escorts (M85) 17-Formaldehyde Emissions: Two 198 1 Fuel-Injected Volkswagen 18-Formaldehyde Emissions: Four Domestic Dedicated Vehicles (M85) . 19-Formaldehyde E
24、missions: Four Dedicated Toyotas 20-Formaldehyde Emissions: Four Dedicated Vehicles (M100) 21-Formaldehyde Emissions: Seven 1987 Ford Crown Victorias 22-Formaldehyde Emissions: 1987 Ford Crown Victoria and 23-NO, Emissions: Five 1983 Carbureted Ford Escorts (M85) . 24-NOx Emissions: Three 1983 Fuel-
25、Injected Ford Escorts (M85) . 25-NOX Emissions: Two 1981 Fuel-Injected Volkswagen Rabbits (M85) . 26-NOx Emissions: Four Domestic Dedicated Vehicles (M85) . . . . Rabbits (M85) (M85 Flexible-Fuel Vehicles) 1988 Chevrolet Corsica (M85 Flexible-Fuel Vehicles) . 27-NO, Emissions: Four Dedicated Toyotas
26、 (M85) 28-NO, Emissions: Four Dedicated Vehicles (M100) (M85 Flexible-Fuel Vehicles) Corsica (M85 Flexible-Fuel Vehicles) . . 29-NO, Emissions: Seven 1987 Ford Crown Victorias 30-NOX Emissions: 1987 Ford Crown Victoria and 1988 Chevrolet 31-CO Emissions: Five 1983 Carbureted Ford Escorts (M85) 32-CO
27、 Emissions: Three 1983 Fuel-Injected Ford Escorts (M85) 33-CO Emissions: Two 1981 Fuel-Injected Volkswagen Rabbits (M85) 34-CO Emissions: Four Domestic Dedicated Vehicles (M85) . 35-CO Emissions: Four Dedicated Toyotas (M85) 36-CO Emissions: Four Dedicated Vehicles (M100) . 37-CO Emissions: Seven 19
28、87 Ford Crown Victorias (M85 Flexible-Fuel Vehicles) 38-CO Emissions: 1987 Ford Crown Victoria and 1988 Chevrolet 39-OMHCE Emissions: bo 1983 Carbureted Ford Escorts (M85) . 40-OMHCE Emissions: Three 1983 Fuel-Injected Ford Escorts (M85) . 41-OMHCE Emissions: Two Domestic Dedicated Vehicles (M100) .
29、 42-OMHCE Emissions: Four Dedicated Toyotas (M85) . 43-OMHCE Emissions: Dedicated Toyota Carina (M100) 44-OMHCE Emissions: Six 1987 Ford Crown Victorias (M85 Flexible-Fuel Vehicles) Corsica (M85 Flexible-Fuel Vehicles) . 4 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 11 13 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21
30、 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 vi . 45-OMHCE Emissions: 1987 Ford Crown Victoria and 1988 Chevrolet 46-Total Organic Evaporative Emissions: Seven 1987 Ford Crown Victorias 47-Total Organic Evaporative Emissions: Three 1983 Fuel-Injected 48-Total Organic Evaporative Emissions: Two Dedi
31、cated Toyotas (M85) Corsica (M85 Flexible-Fuel Vehicles) . (M85 Flexible-Fuel Vehicles) Ford Escorts (M85) Tables 1-Summary of Emissions Studies . 2-Distribution of Vehicles in the Exhaust Emissions Data Base 3-Mileage Dependence of Emissions . 4-Dedicated M100 Vehicles 5-FTP Exhaust Emissions From
32、Prototype M100 Vehicles 6-FTP Exhaust Emissions From Prototype Dedicated M85 Vehicles . A-1-2 1 Ford EscortLicense No . 276/Mix Method: Carburetion/ ECU: NFB . A-2-8 1 Ford EscortLicense No . 882/Mix Method: Carburetion/ ECU: NFB . A-3-3 1 VW RabbitLiceme No . 824/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ ECU: FB
33、 A-4-8 1 VW RabbitLicense No . 995/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ ECU: FB A-5-3 1- VW RabbitLicense No . 989/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ ECU: FB A-6-73 1 Ford Escort/License No . 920/Mix Method: Carburetion/ ECU: NFB . A-7-734 Ford EscortLicense No . 154/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ ECU: NFB . A-8-83 Fo
34、rd EscortLicense No . 359/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ ECU FB A-9-83 Ford EscortLicense No . 365/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ ECU: FB A-10-83 Ford EscortLicense No . 366/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ ECU: FB A-1 1-85 Toyota CamryLicense No . 444/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ ECU: FB A- 12-86 Toyota Carind
35、icense No . 145/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ ECU: FB A-13-737 Ford Crown VictoriaLicense No . 927/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ ECU: FB A- 14-87 Ford Crown VictoriaLicense No . 928/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ ECU: FB A- 15-87 Ford Crown Victoria/License No . 779/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ ECU: FB A- 1
36、6-87 Ford Crown Victoria/License No . 778/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ ECU: FB A-17-737 Ford Crown VictoriaLicense No . 963/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ ECU: FB A- 18-83 Ford EscortLicense No . 3 19/Mix Method: Carburetion/ ECU: NFB . A- 19-733 Ford EscortLicense No . 893/Mix Method: Carburetion/ ECU:
37、 NFB . 29 32 32 33 3 5 11 12 30 31 39 39 40 40 41 41 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 50 A-20-83 Ford Escort/License No . 570/Mix Method: Carburetion/ A-21-83 Ford Escort/License No . 57 1/Mix Method: Carburetion/ A-22-83 Ford Escort/License No . 778/Mix Method: Carburetion/ A-23-82 GM Citation/L
38、icense No . 112/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ A-24-87 Ford Crown Victoria/License No . 653/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ A-25-83 Ford Escort/License No . 484/Mix Method: Carburetion/ A-26-83 Ford Escort/License No . 485/Mix Method Carburetion/ A-27-87 Ford Crown Victoria/License No . 610/Mix Method: Fue
39、l Injection/ A-28-88 GM Corsica/License No . AHU/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ A-29-87 Ford Crown VictoriaLicense No . 748/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ A-30-87 Ford Crown Victoria/License No . 749/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ ECU: NFB . 50 ECU: NFB . 50 ECU: NFB . 50 ECU: NFB . 51 ECU: FB 51 ECU: NFB .
40、52 ECU: NFB . 52 ECU: FB 52 ECU: FB 53 ECU: FB 53 ECU: FB A-3 1-86 Toyota CamryLicense No . 31 1/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ ECU: FB A-32-88 GM Corsica/License No . WPS/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ ECU: FB A-33-88 GM Corsica/License No . 945/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ ECU: FB A-34-88 GM Corsica/Lice
41、nse No . 944/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ ECU: FB A-35-GM Prototype VFV/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ECU: FB . A-37-GM M100 Prototypehix Method: Fuel Injection A-38-83 Ford Escort/Mix Method: Carburetion/ECU: NFB . A-39-83 Ford Escort/Mix Method: Carburetion A-40-8 1 GM Citation/License No . 221/Mix Me
42、thod: Carburetion/ ECU: FB A-41-8 1 GM PhoenixLicense No . 616/Mix Method: Carburetion/ ECU: FB A-42-8 1 Ford Escort/Mix Method: Carburetion/ECU: NFB . A-43-8 1 VW Rabbit/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ECU: FB . A-44-8 1 Nissan 2OOSX/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ECU: FB A-45-78 Ford Pinto (3-Car Average)/
43、Mix Method: Carburetion/ECU: FB A-46-83 Ford Escort/Mix Method: Carburetion/ECU: NFB . A-47-83 Ford EscortWix Method: Carburetion/ECU: NFB . A-48-87 Nissan Sentrahix Method: Fuel Injection . A-49-86 Ford Crown Victoria/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ECU: FB A-50-86 Nissan Sentra/Mix Method: Fuel Injecti
44、on/ECU: FB . A-5 1-86 Toyota CarinaMx Method: Fuel Injection/ECU: FB . A-52-86 Chevrolet S-lO/License No . ME-562mix Method: Fuel Injection/ ECU: FB A-53-86 Chevrolet S-lO/License No . ME-568/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ ECU: FB A-36-Prototype Operated by SOH10 . 54 54 54 54 54 55 55 55 55 56 56 56 5
45、7 57 57 58 58 58 59 59 59 60 61 61 viii A-54-86 Ford Crown Victoria/License No. ME-572/Mix Method: A-55-86 Ford Crown Victoria/License No. ME-574/Mix Method: A-56-87 Buick RegalLicense No. 9394/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ Fuel InjectionECU: FB . Fuel InjectionECU FB . ECU: FB A-57-87 Buick RegalLice
46、nse No. 9398/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ ECU FB A-58-734 GM CitationLicense No. E-753/Mix Method: Carburetion/ ECU: NFB . A-59-84 GM CitationLiceme No. E-754/Mix Method: Carburetion/ ECU: NFB . . A-60-84 GM CitationLiceme No. E-755Mix Method: Carburetion/ ECU: NFB . A-61-84 GM CitationLicense No. E-
47、756/Mix Method: Carburetion/ ECU: NFB A-62-34 GM CitationLicense No. E-757/Mix Method: Carburetion/ ECU: NFB A-63-88 GM Corsica/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ECU: FB . A-64-85 Ford EscortLicense No. TO2O/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ ECU: NFB A-65-735 Ford EscortLicense No. TO22/Mix Method: Fuel Injectio
48、n/ ECU: NFB . . . . . . A-66-87 Ford Crown VictoriaLicense No. T-SOO/Mix Method: Fuel InjectionECU: FB . A-67-87 Ford Crown VictoriaLicense No. T-52O/Mix Method: Fuel InjectionECU: FB _ API PUBL*42bZ 90 9 0732240 0095274 O W B- 1-81 Ford EscortLicense No. 276Mix Method: CarburetionECU: NFB B-2-731 F
49、ord EscortLicense No. 882/Mix Method: CarburetionECU: NFB B-3-731 VW RabbitLiceme No. 995/Mix Method: Fuel InjectionECU: FB B-4-81 VW RabbitLicense No. 989/Mix Method: Fuel InjectionECU: FB B-5-731 Ford EscortLicense No. 920/Mix Method: CarburetionECU: NFB . B-6-83 Ford EscortLicense No. 359/Mix Method: Fuel In.jection/ ECU: FB . . . . B-7-83 Ford EscortLicense No. 365/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ ECU: FB . . . . B-8-83 Ford EscortLicense No. 366/Mix Method: Fuel Injection/ ECU: FB . B-9-85 Toyota CamryLicense No. 444/Mix Met
