1、S Control, Clean OIL POLLUTION CONTROL A COOPERATIVE EFFORT API PUBL+4452 87 m 0732270 0533452 I87 1987 Oil Spill Conference API PUBL*4452 87 O732290 0533453 013 Proceedings 1987 Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup) Tenth Biennial April 6-9, 1987 Baltimore, Maryland Sponsore
2、d by: American Petroleum Institute, Environmental Protection Agency, and United States Coast Guard API PUBL*:4452 87 m 0732290 0533454 T5T m Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Catalog No. 754161 American Petroleum Institute publication No. 4452 American Petroleum Institute 1
3、220 L Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20005 API PUBLx4452 87 0732270 0533455 996 m FOREWORD This, the 1987 Oil Spill Conference, is our tenth biennial meeting. Our efforts to share the knowledge needed to understand the prevention, behavior, control, and cleanup of oil spills now span two full decades
4、 of experience. Todays conference is a major international forum with representatives from many countries around the world in attendance. As in the past, the conference continues to remain responsive to a changing environment. The focus has been broadened to address not only response to and cleanup
5、of surface water spills, but also new areas of leadership in oil spill response and prevention as they emerge. Sessions at this conference will take an in-depth look at damage assessment, underground spills, a more responsible use of dispersants, and community involvement in response to spill incide
6、nts. Moreover, environmental professionals today find themselves taking a more proactive stance, rather than a reactive one, in the response to oil spills and their prevention. The sponsoring organizations-the United States Coast Guard, the American Petroleum Institute, and the Environmental Protect
7、ion Agency-have provided leadership and guidance in a cooperative effort between industry and government to provide a varied program of timeliness and technical merit for this conference. Planning has been ongoing for nearly all of the two years since the last meeting. participate in the eleventh bi
8、ennial Oil Spill Conference to be held in San Antonio, Texas, in 1989. I We hope that the knowledge and contacts developed at this conference will influence your decision to John A. Lamping V API PUBLa4452 87 0732290 0533456 822 1987 OIL SPILL CONFERENCE COMMITTEES Steering Comittee Chairman John La
9、mping Amoco Corporation Vice Chairman Ronald D. Hill U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Lt. Cdr. John S. Clay U.S. Coast Guard John S. Farlow U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Jack R. Gould American Petroleum Institute L. Michael Flaherty (Vice Chairman) U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
10、(retired) Alexandra L. Moore (Vice Chairman) Amoco Corporation John P. Bennington Amoco Transport Company Lewis R. Brown Mississippi State University Gerard P. Canevari G. P. Canevari Associates Lt. Cdr. John S. Clay U.S. Coast Guard Ron DeNoville Crawford and Company John S. Farlow U. S. Environmen
11、tal Protection Agency John Fraser Shell Oil Company Jack R. Gould American Petroleum Institute Richard Gnffiths U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Program Committee Cdr. Mark L. Lavache (Chairman) U. S. Coast Guard William Katz Spill Control Association of America Leon Kazmierczak Sun Oil Company
12、Gerd Kleineberg U. S. Coast Guard J. T. Leigh Texaco U.S.A. June Lindstedt-Siva Atlantic Richfield Company Clayton McAuliffe Clayton McAuliffe and Associates Kenneth Meikle Environment Canada Jacqueline Michel Research Planning Institute, Inc. Lt. James C. Milbury US. Coast Guard Anita Miller U.S. D
13、epartment of the Interior Patrick OBrien Chevron Corporation Vice Chairman Capt. Robert L. Storch, Jr. U.S. Coast Guard Kurt Jakobson U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Cdr. Mark L. Lavache U.S. Coast Guard June Lindstedt-Siva Atlantic Richfield Company Gary L. Ott National Oceanic and Atmospheri
14、c Administration William C. Park, III Mobil Oil Corporation James Parker Industrial Marine Services. Inc. Harold J. Pecunia Peterson Maritime Services, Inc. Lt. Cdr. Edward Rosenberg U.S. Coast Guard Joseph Smith Petrochem Services, Inc. Eleanor Swett Offshore Devices, Inc. Edward Tennyson Minerals
15、Management Service William Walker Naval Sea Systems Command Harold Weiss Texaco U.S.A. Edward Wirkowski Clean Harbors Cooperative Walter Youngblade O. H. Materials vii API PUBL*4452 87 O732290 0533457 7bq Public Relations Committee Carl F. Meyerdirk (Chairman) Amoco Corporation Scott Loll (Vice Chai
16、rman) Atlantic Richfield Company Exhibit Chairman John S. Farlow U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Exhibit Management Trade Associates, Inc. William Taylor American Petroleum Institute Editor John O. Ludwigson Consultant CWO Richard M. Meidt U. S. Coast Guard Conference Management Courtesy Asoci
17、ates Treasurer Jack R. Gould American Petroleum Institute viii API PUBLr4452 87 m 0732290 0531458 bT5 m CONTENTS I-CASE HISTORIES OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE RESPONSE TO THE ARCO ANCHORAGE OIL SPILL, PORT ANGELES, WASHINGTON 3 Robert A. Levine OIL POLLUTION CONTROL AND SPILL RESPONSE CAPABILITY IN TH
18、E ROPME SEA AREA . 9 FRENCH KNOW-HOW IN THE PREVENTION AND FIGHT AGAINST P. Bernard Ryan, Derek J. S. Brown ACCIDENTAL OIL SPILLS 15 ADAPTING TECHNIQUES TO CONDITIONS: CLEANUP OF A WASTE OIL SPILL . 23 MIV ALVENUS: ANATOMY OF A MAJOR OIL SPILL 27 THE KAPODISTRIAS GROUNDING AND OIL SPILL CAPE RECIFE,
19、 SOUTH AFRICA 33 Guy Marchard, Gilles Bergot, Marthe Melguen, Georges Peigne Joseph B. H. Smith Cdr. Anthony C. Alejandro, Lt. Cdr. Jack L. Buri Desmond A. Lord, Graham I. H. Kerley, Rodney M. Randall, Jacobus S. V. Reddering, Eckart H. Schumann, William E. Bricknell, Sidney Rowe, Robert P. Mason CO
20、NTAINMENT AND CLEANUP OF A MAJOR OIL WELL BLOWOUT IN TEXAS . 39 Christopher L. Quina, Larry C. Thebeau, Charles C. Bond, Patrick Hammack Pu Bao-Kang ANALYSIS OF SIGNIFICANT OIL SPILL INCIDENTS FROM SHIPS, 1976-1985. 43 PROTECTING AN ISLANDS DRINKING WATER AND DESALINATION PLANT . 49 Lt. David J. Kru
21、th, Edward Overton, John Murphy Capt. Alexander E. Tanos, Cdr. Tony E. Hart RESPONSE TO MAJOR OIL SPILL-TANK BARGE ST. THOMAS . 55 II-CLEANUP OPERATIONS A MOBILE PLANT PROTOTYPE FOR THE RESTORATION OF POLLUTED BEACHES BY WASHING OILY SAND . 61 Christian Bocard, Jean-Jacques Quinquis, Christian Such
22、TACID: A COMPUTER-BASED INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR ON-SCENE COMMANDERS . 67 R. H. Goodman, C. H. Peabody, A. G. Holoboff Yvon J. F. Le Guen, Marc Brussieux, Rolland Burkhalter REAL-TIME PROCESSING OF OIL SPILL REMOTE SENSING DATA . 71 DISPERSANT APPLICATION BY HYDROFOIL: HIGH SPEED CONTROL AND CLEANUP O
23、F LARGE OIL SPILLS 75 Rear Adm. Marcello Vacca-Torelli, Albert0 L. Geraci, Antonin0 Risitano ix API PUBLa4452 87 O732290 0531459 531 = ATYPICAL MITIGATION OF AN OIL SPILL, SAM HOUSTON NATIONAL FOREST 81 BEACH AGITATION FOR CRUDE OIL REMOVAL FROM INTERTIDAL BEACH SEDIMENTS 85 DEVELOPMENT OF AN OIL SK
24、IMMING SYSTEM TO MEET NAVY SPECIFICATIONS . 91 REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTING OIL SLICKS AT SEA-A REVIEW OF WORK CARRIED OUT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE ROTATING DISC SKIMMER 101 Warren B. Zehner, James R. Mullins James A. Miller Joseph B. H. Smith, Charl
25、es McLellan, Larry R. Pintler 95 Douglas Cormack, Neil Hurford, David Tookey Marios S. Christodoulou, John T. Turner Capt. Erling Blomberg COMBATING OIL WITH SIDE-FITTED SWEEPING BOOMS 109 CONVERSION OF A U.S. COAST GUARD SKIMMING BARRIER INTO A SINGLE-VESSEL SKIMMING SYSTEM . 111 Kevin R. McManus G
26、erard A. L. Delvigne T. H. Moller, H. D. Parker, J. A. Nichols NETTING OF VISCOUS OIL. 115 COMPARATIVE COSTS OF OIL SPILL CLEANUP TECHNIQUES . 123 OPERATIONAL AIR SURVEILLANCE AND EXPERIENCES IN THE NETHERLANDS 129 SWEDISH COAST GUARD STARTS USING THIRD GENERATION MARITIME SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM. 137 R
27、. C. Schrie1 Olov Fst III-CONTINGENCY PLANNING ALASKA CLEAN SEAS: MEETING RESPONSE NEEDS FOR 1987 AND BEYOND . 145 FIRST AFRICAN OIL SPILL COOPERATIVE: CLEAN NIGERIA ASSOCIATES 151 THE KUWAIT NATIONAL CONTINGENCY PLAN IN ACTION . 157 OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING IN THAILAND 161 Richard V. Shafer G
28、odwin E. Omene, E. C. Odogwu, Tom E. Allen Capt. Namir A. Al-Nakib Klavs Bender, Robert Taylor UNITED KINGDOM MARINE POLLUTION CONTINGENCY PLANNING-A REVIEW OF THE LAST TWO YEARS . 167 ROYAL NAVY OIL SPILL RESPONSE POSTURE-DEVELOPMENTS SINCE Rear Adm. Michael L. Stacey, C.B. THE MID 1970s 171 Lt. Cd
29、r. Geoffrey Teasdale, RN (Retd.) CANADIAN-U.S. SPILL RESPONSE COOPERATION ALONG THE GREAT LAKES . 177 OIL POLLUTION RESPONSE ARRANGEMENTS IN AUSTRALIA: THE GOVERNMENT VIEW (INCLUDING AN UPDATE ON DISPERSANT TESTING). 181 Ted Kaiser, Wilma Godon, Ron Whitehorne, Erich R. Gundlach, Bart J. Baca Donald
30、 Brodie X API PUBLa4452 87 0732290 O533460 253 A HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIL DISPERSANT GUIDELINES FOR ALASKA 189 OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING AT NAVY SHORE ACTIVITIES 193 INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS ON COOPERATION IN COMBATING MARINE POLLUTION . 201 Cdr. Michael A. Conway Rebecc
31、a L. Biggers David T. Edwards IV-DISPERSANTS METHOD FOR MAKING DISPERSANT-USE DECISIONS BASED ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CONSIDERATIONS. 211 EMULSION INHIBITORS: A NEW CONCEPT IN OIL SPILL TREATMENT 217 PRELIMINARY MORTALITY EFFECTS OF SEVEN DISPERSANTS ON SUBTROPICAL/TROPICAL SEAGRASSES . 223 B. K. Tr
32、udel, S. L. Ross I. A. Buist, S. L. Ross Anitra Thorhaug, Jeffry H. Marcus PROTECMAR: THE FRENCH EXPERIENCE FROM A SEVEN-YEAR DISPERSANT OFFSHORE TRIALS PROGRAM. 225 Christian Bocard, Gilles Castaing, Jean Ducreux, Claude Gatellier, Jean Croquette, Franois Merlin Paul Waters, Albert F. Hadermann THE
33、 EFFICIENCY OF ELASTOMERS IN OIL SPILL CLEANUP . 231 TOXICITY OF DISPERSED AND UNDISPERSED PRUDHOE BAY CRUDE OIL FRACTIONS TO SHRIMP AND FISH . 235 LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL AND NATURAL DISPERSABILITY OF OIL . 241 OIL SPILL INCIDENTS AND DISPERSANT APPLICATIONS IN KUWAIT . 247 THE EFFECTS O
34、F OIL AND CHEMICALLY DISPERSED OIL ON NATURAL PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES . 255 EVALUATION AND CALIBRATION OF A DISPERSANT APPLICATION SYSTEM 259 Jack W. Anderson, Robert Riley, Steve Kiesser, James Gurtisen I Mervin F. Fingas, Mark A. Bobra, Ronald K. Velicogna Salah M. Al-Mazidi, Omar Samhan M. Scho
35、lten, J. Kuiper J. S. Shum, J. H. Nash EFFECTIVENESS OF A TYPE III DISPERSANT ON LOW-ENERGY SHORELINES . 263 A COMPUTERIZED TOOL FOR OIL SPILL RESPONSE DECISION MAKING . 269 ORGANISM EXPOSURE TO VOLATILE/SOLUBLE HYDROCARBONS FROM CRUDE OIL SPILLS-A FIELD AND LABORATORY COMPARISON . 275 MARINE DISPER
36、SANT PROGRAM FOR LICENSING AND RESEARCH IN SO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL . 289 Rosalina P. de A. Araujo, Katia Momo, Elenita Gherardi-Goldstein, Marion Grosze Nipper, Peter G. Wells D. I. Little, D. L. Scales L. Michael Flaherty, John E. Riley, Allen G. Hansen Clayton D. McAuliffe BASIC STUDY REVEALS HOW D
37、IFFERENT CRUDE OILS INFLUENCE DISPERSANT PERFORMANCE. . 293 Gerard P. Canevari xi USE OF HIGH-PRESSURE WATER MIXING FOR SHIP-BASED OIL SPILL DISPERSING. . 297 DATA ANALYSIS AND MODELING OF DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS IN COLD WATER., 303 WHERE HAS ALL THE OIL GONE? DISPERSED OIL DETECTION IN A WAVE BASI
38、N AND AT SEA . 307 DISPERSANT SPRAYING GUN. . 313 NEW FRONTIERS FOR OIL DISPERSANTS 317 R. Belore N. M. To, H. M. Brown, R. H. Goodman H. M. Brown, R. H. Goodman, Gerard P. Canevari Gerard Barbouteau, Michel Angles, Yves Le Gal La Salle L. Michael Flaherty, John E. Riley STRATEGY FOR MONITORING THE
39、SHORT-TERM DISTRIBUTION OF DISPERSED OILS . 321 MEASUREMENT AND PREDICTION OF DEPOSITIONAL ACCURACY IN DISPERSANT SPRAYING FROM LARGE AIRPLANES . 325 ADVANCE PLANNING FOR DISPERSANT USE. . 329 INJECTION OF OIL SPILL CHEMICALS INTO A BLOWING WELL . 335 CONSIDERATIONS FOR DISPERSANT USE: TANK VESSEL P
40、UERTO RICAN INCIDENT 341 Steven F. Railsback, Gordon A. Robilliard, Jack R. Mortenson Gordon P. Lindblom June Lindstedt-Siva Tore Audunson, istein Johansen, Johnny Kolnes, Stein Erik Srstrm Capt. David Zawadzki, Lt. Jeffrey D. Stieb, Cdr. Stewart McGee, Jr. V-EXTREME WEATHER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
41、 OF OIL SPILL CONTROL DEVICES FOR USE IN COLD CLIMATES IN JAPAN 349 A PRELIMINARY FEASIBILITY STUDY OF IN-SITU BURNING OF SPREADING OIL SLICKS . 359 THE LASER IGNITION DEVICE AND ITS APPLICATION TO OIL SPILLS 369 EXPERIMENTAL SPILLS OF CRUDE OIL IN PACK ICE 373 Isao Suzuki, Kenjiro Miki I. A. Buist
42、Michael D. Waterworth I. A. Buist, D. F. Dickins Nelline K. Smith, Anibal Diaz Harry Whittaker IN-PLACE BURNING OF CRUDE OILS IN BROKEN ICE . 383 LASER IGNITION OF OIL SPILLS . 389 A TECHNIQUE FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF UNDER-ICE ROUGHNESS TO DETERMINE OIL STORAGE VOLUMES. 395 R. H. Goodman, A. G. Holob
43、off, T. W. Daley, P. Waddell, L. D. Murdock, M. Fingas VI-FATE AND EFFECTS AN OIL SPILL AFFECTING CORAL REEFS AND MANGROVES ON THE CARIBBEAN COAST OF PANAMA. . 401 John D. Cubit, Charles D. Getter, Jeremy B. C. Jackson, Stephen D. Garrity, Hugh M. Caffey, Ricardo C. Thompson, Ernest0 Weil, Michael J
44、. Marshall xii API PUBLa4452 87 m 0732290 053L4b2 026 m ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE ARCO ANCHORAGE OIL SPILL, PORT ANGELES, WASHINGTON 407 ENHANCED BIODEGRADATION OF A LIGHT CRUDE OIL IN SANDY BEACHES 411 DEAD ENDANGERED SPECIES IN A CALIFORNIA OIL SPILL 417 OILED SEDIMENTS IN THE HUMBER ESTUARY FO
45、LLOWING THE SIVAND INCIDENT 419 EFFECT OF INFAUNAL BURROW STRUCTURE ON OIL PENETRATION INTO SEDIMENTS THE PERSISTENCE OF OIL STRANDED ON SEDIMENT SHORELINES 433 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF LOW-PRESSURE SEAWATER FLUSHING OF OILED SEDIMENTS . 439 RELATIONSHIP OF SPARTZNA ALTERNZFLORA GROWTH TO SEDIMENT OIL
46、CONTENT FOLLOWING AN OIL SPILL . 445 OIL-HOLDING CAPACITIES AND REMOVAL COEFFICIENTS FOR DIFFERENT SHORELINE TYPES TO COMPUTER SIMULATE SPILLS IN COASTALWATERS . 451 RECOVERY OF BRITTANY COASTAL MARSHES IN THE EIGHT YEARS FOLLOWING THE AMOCO CADI2 INCIDENT. 459 THE MANAGEMENT OF OILED PENGUINS. 465
47、FUEL OIL EFFECTS ON MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY IN SPARTZNA ALTERNIFLORA ROOTS 469 THE FATE OF STRANDED OIL FOUR YEARS AFTER AN EXPERIMENTAL SPILL ON A SHELTERED GRAVEL BEACH 473 June Lindstedt-Siva, Dilworth W. Chamberlain, Eugene R. Mancini Kenneth Lee, Eric M. Levy Edward A. Simons, Lt. Morgan Akin D.
48、I. Little S. Howard, D. I. Little D. I. Little, D. L. Scales S. Howard, D. I. Little Steve K. Alexander, James W. Webb, Jr. Erich R. Gundlach Bart J. Baca, Thomas E. Lankford, Erich R. Gundlach Graham I. H. Kerley, Theuns Erasmus Fitzgerald Booker . Edward H. Owens, Wishar Robson, Blair Humphrey, Da
49、ve Hope, John R. Harper Lynne Frink AN OVERVIEW: REHABILITATION OF OIL CONTAMINATED BIRDS . 479 CLEANUP AND EFFECTS OF CRUDE OIL AND FUEL OIL SPILLS IN OSITO CANYON: A COMPARISON . . 483 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF AN OIL SPILL ON A Lt. Jack A. Kemerer, MK1 Terrence McGuigan, DC1 Douglas bell LOUISIANA MARSH. . 489 THE ROLE OF JUNCCJS ROEMERIANUS IN CLEANUP OF OIL-POLLUTED Marion Fische1 SEDIMENTS 495 THE IMPORTANCE OF USING APPROPRIATE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS IN OIL SPILL IMPACT STUDIES: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE AMOCO CADZZ OIL SPILL IMPACT ZONE 503 Julia S. Lytle, Thomas F. L
