1、 1991 Intewlational Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991 Internatiopzal Oil Spill Conference (Prevention, Behavior, Control, Cleanup) March 4-7,1991 San Diego, California Sponsored by: United States Coast Guard, American Petroleum Institute, and US. Environmental Protection Agency API PUBL*Li529 91
2、 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Catalog No. 75-4161 American Petroleum Institute publication No. 4529 American Ppleum Institute 1220 L Street, N.W. Washingtoq, D.C. 20005 li FOREWORD This is the 12th biennial International Oil Spill Conference. It is jointly sponsored by
3、 the American Petroleum Institute, the U,S. Coast Guard, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The Conference provides an opportunity for experts from all over the world to share their knowledge withother people in the field, and to discuss their concerns. It is estimated to attact more than
4、 a thousand participants from 35 different countries and will have more than 125 exhibits of oil spill equipment and services. The first Oil Spill Conference was held in 1969. The goals of the conference were to delineate the overall dimensions of the spills problem, to explore the state of the art
5、in the prevention and control of spills, and to review the relevant research. While much has been learned in the past 22 years, there are still many challenges ahead in identifying better ways to prevent spills and to respond to those that occur. This year there are an unusual number of new developm
6、ents which will enhance our knowledge on spill response and cleanup. There will be papers on the use of bioremediation, dispersants, management of spills, fate and effects of oil, efforts to improve the capabilities of spill response organizations, and spill modeling. There also will be case histori
7、es on the response to a number of significant spills. In addition, there will be extensive discussions on the new oil spill legislation and its implications. As a special attraction, this years Conference will include an open water demonstration of a number of new and innovative types of cleanup equ
8、ipment. The sponsors of this Conference thank the authors of the papers which constitute the Proceedings as well as all members of the panels, session chairmen, and planning committees for their generous contribution of time to make this conference a success. James C. Hildrew V API PUBL*4529 91 0732
9、298 0100L23 b 1991 INTERNATIONAL OIL SPILL CONFERENCE COMMITTEES General Committee Chairman James C. HiIdrew Mobil Oil Corporation Vice Chairman Vice Chairman Ronald D. Hiii US. Environmental Protection Agency Capt. William F. Holt US. Coast Guard John S. Farlow U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
10、 Jack R. Gould American Petroleum Institute Kurt Jakobson US. Environmental Protection Agency Mark L. Lavache American Petroleum Institute Lewis R. Brown Mississippi State University DiIworth W. Chamberlain ARCO James Clow Texaco, Inc, John Cunningham US. Environmental Protection Agency John S. Farl
11、ow U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Jack R. Gould American Petroleum Institute Wayne Hollingsworth Scientific and Environmental Associates, Inc, Charles Huber Mobil Oil Corporation George Jardim Chevron Corporation Capt. Donald Jensen US. Coast Guard David Kennedy National Oceanic and Atmospheri
12、c Administration Mark L. Lavache American Petroleum Institute Program Committee Cdr. Douglas A. Lentsch (Chairman) US. Coast Guard J. Theodore Leigh Delaware Bay and River Cooperative June Lindstedt-Siva ARCO Jacqueline Michel Research Planning Institute Anita Miller Department of the Interior James
13、 H. Mulry Sun Refining and Marketing Lindon A. Onstad Marine Spill Response Corporation Vincent Post Mobil Oil Corporation John Riley U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Gary Ott National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Rachel Pappworth Witco Corporation James Parker Industrial Marine Servic
14、es, Inc. Craig Rassinier Exxon Shipping John Riley US. Environmental Protection Agency Robert Roland BP America, Inc. Cdr. Douglas A. Lentsch US. Coast Guard Lt. Cdr. James Obernesser US. Coast Guard Cdr. Dennis Sande U.S. Coast Guard Cal Sikstrom Esso Resources Canada Jean Snider National Oceanic a
15、nd Atmospheric Administration Steve Specht Department of the Interior Edward Tennyson Minerais Management Service Ann Hayward Walker Scientific and Environmental Associates, Inc. Peter G. Welis Environment Canada Harold Weiss Texaco, Inc. Ian White ITOPF, Ltd. Lt. Cdr. Glenn Wiltshire US. Coast Guar
16、d Walter Youngblade Environmental Technologies, Inc. API PUBL*4529 91 W 0732298 0100124 B Public Relations Committee Vincent Post (Chairman) Mobil Oil Corporation Susan Hahn American Petroleum Institute Exhibit Chairman John S. Farlow U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Exhibit Management Itade Ass
17、ociates, Inc. Editor John Ludwigson Science writerleditor CW02 Jerry Snyder US. Coast Guard Ileasurer Jack R. Gould American Petroleum Institute Conference Management Courtesy Associates, Inc. CONTENTS I-CONTINGENCY PLANNING NATIONAL OIL SPILL RESPONSE PLANNING IN THE U.S.S.R: PRINCIPAL CONCEPTIONS
18、AND OBJECTIVES IMPROVING CHEVRONS OIL SPILL PREVENTION, PREPAREDNESS, AND RESPONSE CAPABILTIES . CHEVRON WORLDWIDE EXPOSURES PROJECT . TASK FORCE ON OIL SPILL PREPAREDNESS: A CANADIAN ON-SHORE EVALUATION CONTINGENCY PLANNING: IMPLEMENTATION IS THE KEY. PREPARATION OF MARINE POLLUTION CONTINGENCY PLA
19、NS FOR SMALL ISLAND NATIONS . ORGANIZING FOR RESPONSE: THE UNRESOLVED PROBLEM . CRISIS MANAGEMENT DURING AN OIL SPILL RESPONSE . US. COAST GUARD OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING THE DEVELOPMENT OF A BEAUFORT SEA SHORELINE CLEANUP RESPONSE AND OPERATIONS MANUAL., . Nick Vanderkooy, Edward H. Owens, Mic
20、hael Sartor, Michael Lumpkin SYNERGISTIC CONTINGENCY PLANNING BY WRTs: AN INLAND ZONE WATERSHED RESPONSE TEAM CONTINGENCY PLANNING CONCEPT. OIL SPILLS IN THE GREAT BARRIER REEF REGION. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN OIL SPILL RESPONSE THE METAMORPHOSIS OF PIRO INTO MSRC. SEAWAY EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN
21、 . BASELINE STUDIES AND RISK ANALYSES IN THE BALTIC SEA . A GUIDE TO RESPONSE EVALUATION FOR OIL SPILL COMBAT IN JAPAN iX O. Khalimonov, S. Nunuparov George M. Jardim Marielle J. Boortz Wayne O. Wiebe, Paul Wotherspoon Wayne Hollingsworth Donald Brodie Ruth E. Cohn, William A. Wallace, John R. Harra
22、ld Capt. John M. Noble Lt. Cdr. G. F. Epler Capt. James L. Robinson Wendy Craik J. A, Nichols, T. H. Moller V. Adm. John D. Costello Stephen C. Hung JClavs Bender, Preben stfeldt, Hanne Bach Ken Matsumoto 3 7 I li 15 19 I 25 I 29 I 35 I 39 43 49 55 61 65 71 81 87 API PUBL*4529 91 m O732290 OLOOL26 L
23、 m AIRBORNE DETECTION OF WINTER OIL SPILLS-A PRESENTATION AND OPERATIONAL MANUALS., 93 OIL SPILL CONTINGENCY PLANNING IN SHANGHAI 101 OIL SPILL PREPAREDNESS IN KENYA 105 OF THE SWEDISH COAST GUARDS BUILD-UP OF RESPONSE RESOURCES Jim Sandkvist, Bjrn Forsman, Dan Thorell Pu Baokang, Yu Chengguo N. Oko
24、lo II-CLEANUP OPERATIONS EFFICIENCY OF SELECTED OIL SKIMMING SYSTEMS IN IRREGULAR SEAS,. . 115 ANALYSIS OF OIL RECOVERY VESSELS USED WORLDWIDE 125 THE EXXON VALDEZ 1989 WILDLIFE RESCUE AND REHABILITATION PROGRAM 131 IMPLEMENTATION AND REVISION OF THE WILDLIFE PROTECTION G. F. Clauss, W. L. Khnlein L
25、oc Kerambrun and Georges Peign Thomas P. Monahan, Alan W. Maki GUIDELINES FOR ALASKAS FEDERAL ON-SCENE COORDINATORS 137 Pamela Ann Bergmann Scott A. Nauman SHORELINE CLEANUP: EQUIPMENT AND OPERATIONS . 141 SHORELINE CLEANUP-RECONNAISSANCE, EVALUATION, AND PLANNING FOLLOWING THE VALDEZ OIL SPILL 149
26、BEACH CLEANING TRIALS: NEWHAVEN 1989., i, . 153 VOLUNTEERS AT OIL SPILL CLEANUPS: GUIDANCE FOR ON-SCENE COORDINATORS . 161 Andrew R. Teal Maurice Webb, Anthony C. Turner Ray E. Spears, Suzanne E. Helton, Anita L, Pease, Thearin R. Wendel Hans O. Jahns, James R. Bragg, Lawrence C. Dash, Edward H. Owe
27、ns NATURAL CLEANING OF SHORELINES FOLLOWING THE EXXON VALDEZ SPILL . . , . . , , . . 167 SHORELINE EVALUATION METHODS DEVELOPED DURING THE NESTUCCA RESPONSE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA., . 177 TRENDS IN NATURAL REMOVAL OF THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL IN PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND FROM SEPTEMBER 1989 TO MAY 1990,. 1
28、81 THE INTERAGENCY SHORELINE CLEANUP COMMITTEE: A COOPERATIVE John R, Knorr, Andy Teal, Nancy Lethcoe, Sharon Christopherson, John Whitney Edward H. Owens Jacqueline Michel, Miles O. Hayes, Walter J. Sexton, James C. Gibeaut, Charles Henry APPROACH TO SHORELINE CLEANUP-THE EXXON VALDEZ SPILL. . 189
29、OIL TRACKING, CONTAINMENT, AND RECOVERY DURING THE EXXON VALDEZ RESPONSE . 193 MARINE OPERATIONS AND LOGISTICS DURING THE EXXON VALDEZ SPILL CLEANUP. . 205 CONTROLLED BURNING OF CRUDE OIL ON WATER FOLLOWING THE GROUNDING OFTHEEXXONVALDEZ . 213 FATE OF OIL AND DEBRIS RECOVERED FROM SPILL CLEANUP OPER
30、ATIONS. . 217 SAVING ENDANGERED SPECIES IN MAJOR OIL SPILL CLEANUP EFFORTS . 221 Jere A. Noerager, Ron H. Goodman A. D. Carpenter, Robert G. Dragnich, Michael T. Smith Alan A. Allen Lt. Audrey A. McKinley Jan White, Terrie Williams X i API PUBLr4529 91 0732290 0100127 3 I OVERVIEW OF BIRD SEARCH AND
31、 RESCUE AND RESPONSE EFFORTS DURING THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL 225 BALD EAGLES IN ALASKA FOLLOWING THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL. 229 REHABILITATION OF OILED SEABIRDS AND BALD EAGLES FOLLOWING THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL . 235 Jay Holcomb Marjorie J. Gibson Millicent A. Wood, Nicolette Heaphy III-CASE H
32、ISTORIES U.S. HSH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE RESPONSE ACTIVITIES FOLLOWING THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL . 243 MAJOR OIL SPILLS CAUSED BY HURRICANE HUGO, ST. CROIX, U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS . . 247 RESPONSE TO THE PRESIDENTE RIVERA MAJOR OIL SPILL, DELAWARE RIVER . 253 RESPONSE TO THE JANUARY 1990 ARTHUR KILL HEA
33、TING OIL SPILL. . 259 THE NESTUCCA MAJOR OIL SPILL: A CHRISTMAS STORY 263 ADAPTATION OF THE INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM TO OIL SPILL RESPONSE DURING THE AMERICAN TRADER SPILL 267 THE MEGA BORG FIRE AND OIL SPILL: A CASE STUDY . 273 Jill Parker Cdr, Charles E, Bilis, Lt. Daniel C. Whiting Lt. Cdr. Glenn
34、A. Wiltshire, Lt. Lewis Corcoran Lt. Brian G. Bubar, J. R. Czarnecki Cdr. Gregory N. Yaroch Robert G. Rolan, Keith H. Cameron Lt. Cdr. Thomas P. Leveille COAST GUARD RESPONSE TO THE VOLGONEFT263 OIL SPILL . 279 REVIEW OF ANALYSES OF THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL BY THE POLICY COMMI?TEE OF THE OCS ADVIS
35、ORY BOARD, . 285 THE APEX BARGES SPILL, GALVESTON BAY, JULY 1990 . 291 A PIPELINE SPILL INTO THE MERSEY ESTUARY, ENGLAND 299 RESPONSE TO THE AMERICAN TRADER OIL SPILL. . 305 AN OVERVIEW OF THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL . 313 INITIAL STATE OF ALASKA RESPONSE TO THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL . 321 Capt. Tho
36、mas E. Fagoe Jan C, Thorman, Charles G. Groat Capt. Thomas C. Greene Peter M. Taylor Capt. James C. Card, Lt. John A. Meehan O. R. Harrison Randolph Bayliss, John H. Janssen, Albert Kegler, Marshal Kendziorek, Daniel Lawn, Erich Gundlach THE FEDERAL ON-SCENE COORDINATORS ROLE IN THE EXXONVALDEZ OILS
37、PILL 325 R, Adm. D. E. Ciancaglini CWO Richard M. Meidt PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS IN SPILL RESPONSE . 333 IV-RESPONSE POLICY SANTA BARBARA TO MEGA BORG AND BEYOND: A REVIEW OF APIs SPILL PROGRAM AND PRIORITIES . 341 Jack R. Gould, June Lindstedt-Siva xi I API PUBL*4529 91 0732278 0100128 5 E U.S. OIL SPILL
38、 POLICY HAMPERS RESPONSE AND HURTS SCIENCE 349 DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON OIL POLLUTION PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE . 353 OUTCOME OF THE IMO CONFERENCE ON INTERNATIONAL June Lindstedt-Siva Cadets John P. Nolan, Susan J. Blood CO-OPERATION ON OIL POLLUTION PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE
39、357 David T. Edwards and David B. Pascoe V-DAMAGE ASSESSMENT THE USE OF DEFENSIBLE ANALYTICAL CHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS FOR OIL SPILL NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT 363 NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OF THE SHELL OIL SPILL AT MARTINEZ, CALIFORNIA 371 LINKAGES BETWEEN OIL SPILL REMOVAL ACTIVITIES
40、 AND NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGES 377 Ted Sauer, Paul Boehm Marion Fischel, Gordon A. Robilliard Richard W. Dunford, Sara P, Hudson, William H. Desvousges NATIONAL PARK SERVICE CONTINGENCY PLANNING FOR NATURAL AND CULTURAL RESOURCES . 385 John Donahue, Jacob Hoogland VI-DISPERS ANTS USE OF DISPERSANTS I
41、N THE UNITED STATES: PERCEPTION OR REALITY?, , , . , . , , , , , , , , 389 John M, Cunningham, Karen A. Sahatjian, Chris Meyers, Gary Yoshioka, Julie M. Jordan Robert J. Fiocco, Gerard P. Canevari, John B. Wilkinson, Jan Bock, Max Robbins, Hans O. Jahns, Ralph K. Markarian TOWARD A FRENCH APPROVAL P
42、ROCEDURE FOR THE USE OF DISPERSANTS IN INLAND WATERS . 401 F, Merlin, C. Bocard, R. Cabridenc, J. Oudot, E. Vindimian THE REGION III REGIONAL RESPONSE TEAM TECHNICAL SYMPOSIUM ON DISPERSANTS: AN INTERACTIVE, EDUCATIONAL APPROACH TO ENLIGHTENED DECISION MAKING 405 DEVELOPMENT OF COREXIT 9580-A CHEMIC
43、AL BEACH CLEANER 395 Ann Hayward Walker, Donald R. Henne TESTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SPILL-TREATING AGENTS : LABORATORY TEST DEVELOPMENT AND INITIAL RESULTS. . 411 Mervin F. Fingas, Robert Stoodley, Nanci Stone, Russel Hollins, Ian Bier DISPERSANT USE FOR TROPICAL NEARSHORE WATERS: JAMAICA . Anitra
44、 Thorhaug, Marcel Anderson, Howard J. Teas, Barabara Carby, Richard Reese, Karl Aiken, Wendy Walker, Beverly Miller, Valerie Gordon, John McFarlane, George Sidrak, Mike Rodriquez; Franklin McDonald STUDIES ON THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF OIL AND DISPERSANT MIXTURES . Mervin Fingas, Ian Bier
45、, Mark Bobra, Sandra Callaghan DISPERSANT TRIALS USING TI%E PAC BARONESS, A SPILL OF OPPORTUNITY . . , . , James R. Payne, John R. Clayton, Jr., Charles R. Phillips, John Robinson, Dave Kennedy, Lt. Joe Talbot, Lt. Gary Petrae, Jacqui Michel, Tom Ballou, Skip Onstad DEVELOPMENT OF DISPERSANT PRE-APP
46、ROVAL FOR WASHINGTON 415 419 427 AND OREGON COASTAL WATERS . 435 xii J. Wiechert, M. L. Rideout, D. I. Little, D. M. McCormick, E. H. Owens, B. K. Trudel W-FATE AND EFFECTS SUBSISTENCE FISHERIES AND THE EXXON VALDEZ: HUMAN HEALTH CONCERNS 441 LONG-TERM RESULTS FROM THE BIOS SHORELINE EXPERIMENT- Ann
47、 Hayward Walker, L. Jay Field SURFACE OIL COVER 447 Blair Humphrey, Edward H. Owens, Gary Sergy FACTORS CONTROLLING INITIAL DEPOSITION AND LONG-TERM FATE OF SPILLED OIL ON GRAVEL BEACHES . 453 RECOVERY OF INTERTIDAL BIOTIC COMMUNITIES AT SULLOM VOE FOLLOWING THE ESSO BERNICZA OIL SPILL OF 1978 461 I
48、MPACTS OF THE EXXON VALDEZ SPILL AND SUBSEQUENT CLEANUP Miles O. Hayes, Jacqueline Michel, David C. Noe Robert G. Rolan, Ronald Gailagher ON INTERTIDAL BIOTA-1 YEAR LATER 467 Jonathan P. Houghton, Dennis C. Lees, William B. Driskell, Alan J. Mearns UPLAND SOIL AND FERTILIZER IN RHZZOPHORA MANGROVE G
49、ROWTH ON OILED SOIL 477 Howard J. Teas, Maria E. De Diego, Elias Luque L., Albert H. Lasday Mark Bobra G. A. Sergy, B. Humphrey, E, Owens WATER-IN-OIL EMULSIFICATION: A PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY . 483 ON DESCRIBING AND ESTIMATING THE FATE OF STRANDED OIL. . 489 THE FATE OF DIESEL FUEL SPILLED BY THE BAHIA PARAIS0 IN ARTHUR HARBOR, ANTARCTICA 493 ON SCALE MODELING OF OIL DROPLET FORMATION FROM SPILLED OIL : 501 ESTUARINE OIL SPILL EFFECTS IN THE CONTEXT OF DISPERSANT USE CHANGES . . , . , , 507 SHORELINE SURVEYS AT THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL: THE STATE OF ALA
