API PUBL 4558-1995 Options for Minimizing Environmental Impacts of Freshwater Spill Response《减小淡水溢油反应对环境影响的方案》.pdf
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1、 American Petroleum NOAA HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESPONSE 1 Institute HOWEVER, THE INSTITUTE MAKES NO REPRESENTATION, Copyright Q 1995 American Petroleum Institute i API PUBL*4558 95 E 0732290 0544968 517 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE ARE RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS OF TIME AND EXPERTISE D
2、URING THIS STUDY AND IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT API STAFF CONTACT Alexis E. Steen, Health and Environmental Cciences Department MEMBERS OF THE INLAND SPILLS WORKGROUP David E. Fritz, Chairman, Amoco oil Company Kenneth Barton, Lt., National Oceanic however, during spill response more than one
3、 technique may be used at the same time on one or more habitats. The discussions in this guide reflect primarily the assessment of the environmental impact of the response methods. This guide also recognized that the selected techniques should be effective. They must remove a significant amount of o
4、il from the environment or prevent or reduce oil impact, and they must have acceptable impact on the habitat as compared to leaving the oil alone (natural recovery). Prolonged use of an ineffiaent technique may be more ecologically detrimental than short-term use of a potentially more intrusive appr
5、oach (e.g., frequent miry into a marsh to replace sorbents rather than vacuuming pooled oil). Reducing the overall ecological impact of a spill event is the primary concern of this guide, and it is applicable for inland, freshwater environments and habitats only. This guide does not address land-onl
6、y, chemical, or marine spills. It also does not discuss legal or regulatory issues; safety considerations; or guidance on planning, organizing, and conducting a spill response effort. The manual may be customized for specific geographic areas to address special priorities and concerns. Specific spil
7、l conditions will often dictate the response techniques used, and selection always involves tradeoffs. For example, a potentially ecologically damaging, but efficient, cleanup technique could be used to meet site-specific response goals. Also, techniques may be used early in response simply because
8、they can be implemented immediately, rather than 1 API PUBL*4558 95 = 0732290 0544997 52T waiting until ones with lower impact can be mobilized. A method that has a significant short-term ecological impact, such as in situ burning, may actually produce the lowest long- term ecological impact because
9、 it removes the oil quickly. 1.2 BACKGROUND Oil spiils into inland waters differ from coastal or marine spills from several perspectives. For instance, inland spills are usually in freshwater habitats. inland spills are also more frequent than marine spills, and they often involve smaller volumes of
10、 oil. Refined product spiils are more common in freshwater, while aude oil spills comprise the majority of marine spills. inland spills have a much higher potential to contaminate water supplies (surface as well as groundwater), to affect areas of concentrated populations, and to impact manmade stru
11、ctures and human activities. in coastal and marine environments, wave and tidal action are important mechanisms for dispersion and transport of oil and in removing oil from shorelines. These mechanisms are less important in freshwater habitats, where currents and floods are more important factors. T
12、he knowledge base for response to oil spills reflects the disparity of information available between marine spill response and freshwater response. The lack of literature and guidelines for iniand spill response prompted several efforts to improve this shortcoming. Preparation of this guide began wi
13、th a workshop sponsored by MI on Inland Oil Spills, conducted in Dearbom, Michigan, November 19-21,1991. The objective of the workshop was to bring together the oil spill response community experienced and/or responsible for responding to freshwater aude oil or petroleum product spis, and to develop
14、 strategies through consensus for dealing with spills in different freshwater environments and shoreline habitats. The information from that workshop was the basis for development of this guide. However, the final guidelines presented here are based on the educated and experienced opinions of oil sp
15、ill experts in industry and government. 2 API PUBL+4558 95 0732290 0544998 4bb = 1.3 ORGANIZATION OF GUIDELINES The guide identifies response methods for twelve primary freshwater habitats (Table l), which represent various waterways and shoreline types. Each habitat is treated separately in the gui
16、de, although the spill responder will be confronted with a variety of habitats. Table 1. Primary freshwater environments and habitats included in this guide. Weter Environments Open Water Large Rivers Small Lakes and Ponds Small Rivers and Streams Shoreline Habitats Bedrock Manmade Structures Sand M
17、ixed Sand and Gravel Gravel Vegetated Shorelines Mud Wetlands Section 2 of the guide includes: Response method summary matrices for the four primary water environments and eight shoreline habitats for four general oil types. Section 3, arranged by water environment and shoreline habitat, contains: A
18、 detailed description of the environment or habitat; and Matrices of response methods in terms of recommended use for each of the four general oil types. Section 4 of the guide contains detailed descriptions of the response methods listed in the matrices. The following headings are used Objective; D
19、escription; Applicable habitats; Whentouse; Biological constraints; and Environmental impact. Section 5 discusses the following speciai issues of concern in reshwater settings: . Public health concerns; Firefighting foam. Conditions under which oil might sink; Oil behavior under ice conditions; Oil
20、behavior and response in permafrost habitats; and 3 API PUBLa4558 95 0732290 O544999 3T2 1.4 SENSITIVITY OF ENVIRONMENTS AND HABITATS Habitat sensitivity is a function of several factors, including degree of exposure to natural removal processes, biological productivity and abiiity to mover followin
21、g oil exposure, human use of the habitat, and ease of oil removal. These factors are used to rank the overall sensitivity of shoreline habitats to spilled oil as part of the Environmental Sensitivity index (ESI). This guide focuses on one element of environmental sensitivity, namely the sensitivity
22、of habitats to impacts resulting from oil removal. ES1 shorelines are grouped according to the oil removal considerations used in this guide. The correlation between the shoreline habitat groupings in this guide and the shoreline rankings in the ES atlases published for the U.S. Great Lakes is shown
23、 in Table 2, the summary tables, and Chapter 3. It should be noted that some groupings include both low and high sensitivity habitats, particUiarly where both sheltered and exposed habitats are grouped, such as bedrock and manmade structures. Table 2. Correlation of the shoreline habitats discussed
24、in this guide with the Environmental Sensitivity Index (SI) shoreline rankings for the Great Lakes. Shoreline Habitats Bedrock Manmade Structures Sand Mixed Sand and Gravel Gravel Vegetated Shorelines Mud Wetlands ES1 Ranking and Description ES1 = 1A ES1 = 2 ES1 = 8A ES1 = 1B ES1 = 6B ES1 = 88 ES1 =
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