1、API PUBL*4587 94 I 0732290 0532463 087 = Remote Sensing Feasibility Study of Refinery Fenceline Emissions HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT API PUBLICATION NUMBER 4587 APRIL 1994 *!- Strategies fw Todays American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street, Northwest 11 Washington, D.C. 20005 API P
2、UBLv4587 94 m 0732290 05324b2 TL3 m Remote Sensing Feasibility Study of Refinery Fenceline Emissions Health and Environmental Sciences Department PUBLICATION NUMBER 4587 PREPARED UNDER CONTRACT BY: WILLIAM M. VAUGHAN, PH.D. JUDITH O. ZWICKER, PH.D. ROBERT H. DUNAWAY APRIL 1994 REMOTE SENSING AIR, IN
3、C. ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI American Petroleum Institute API PUBLlk1i587 94 m O732290 0532463 95T m FOREWORD API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED. AFI IS NOT UNDERTAKI
4、NG TO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANUFAC- TURERS, OR SUPPLIERS To WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICAT
5、ION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANU- FACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COV- THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABIL- ERED BY LETTERS PATENT. NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN ITY FOR INFRINGEMENT O
6、F LETTERS PATENT. Copyrighi Q 1993 Amencan Petroleum Lnstiiuie i ApI PUBLa4587 74 0732290 0532464 896 H ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE ARE RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS OF TIME AND EXPERTISE DURING THIS STUDY AND IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT API STAFF CONTACTs) Paul Martino, Health a
7、nd Environmental Sciences Department MEMBERS OF THE REMOTE SENSING PROJECT GROUP Lee Gilmer, Texaco Research George Lauer, ARCO Dan Van Der Zandcn, Chevron Research and Technology Company Kathryn Kelly, Shell Oil Company Miriam Lev-On, ARCO Products Company Remote Sensing = AU, Inc. (RSsA) would als
8、o like to thank its team members who con- tributed to this effort including: John Lague and John Deuble (Ogden Environmental and Energy Services) Donald Stedman and Scott McLaren, University of Denver Robert Kagann, MDA Scientific Mark Witkowski, Kansas State University Peter Woods, National Physica
9、l Laboratory Konradin Weber, Verein Deutscher Ingenieure iii API PUBLx4587 94 W O732290 05324b5 722 W ABSTRACT This report reviews the state of the art of optical remote sensing (ORS) technology and examines the potential use of ORS systems combined with ancillary measurements such as meteorological
10、 and tracer gas release data to determine fugitive emission rates. With the need to track the effectiveness of controls of fugitive emission sources and to conduct downwind health risk assessments for refineries, ORS technology appears to be an attractive tool for characterizing an entire facilitys
11、emissions. The American Petroleum Institute (API) sponsored this technical review effort as part of its planning for a refinery emissions field study in which ORS methods might be used. The report concludes that under some special conditions, ORS systems can document the fugitive emissions and that
12、no prior studies preclude the need for MI to carry out an evaluation of the general concept. The report highlights some issues to consider in planning such a study and clarifies the attendant tradeoffs for issues such as: selection of appropriate ORS systems, consideration of detection limits and be
13、am placement, choice of dispersion models, use of tracer gas releases, time scale and timing of field studies and the requisite meteorological measurements. Finally, the report emphasizes that the uses of ORS instrumentation for the determination of aromatic emissions is perhaps the most difficult a
14、nd challenging of the possible use of the ORS at refineries. When compared to the current point sampling methods, however, the current ORS systems have the potential for integrating the multiple small sources that comprise the overall fugitive emission plume. API PUBL*4587 94 0732290 0532466 669 9 T
15、ABLE OF CONTENTS Section EXECUTNE SUMMARY . e5-1 1 . INTRODUCTION . 1-1 2 . STATE-OF-TECHNOLOGY OF OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING 2-1 SUMMARY OF ORS MEASUREMENT EXPERIENCE . 2-3 ISSUES AND TRADEOFFS 2-7 Detection Limits 2-7 Light Beam Placement . 2-13 Dispersion Modeling 2-17 Tracer Gas Releases 2-21 Averag
16、ing Time For Measurements 2-22 Meteorological Measurements 2-23 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR DESIGNING A REFINERY EMISSIONS FIELD STUDY . 3-1 RESPONSE TO AFI QUESTIONS 3-2 3 . CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE DESIGN OF A REFINERY EMISSIONS FIELD STUDY 3-5 Issues Which Could Be Tested During A Field Study 3-6
17、Selection of Test Refinery . 3-7 Time Considerations . 3-8 Selection of Optimum Sampling Locations 3-9 Selection of Sampling Equipment . 3-10 Meteorological Measurements 3-13 Tracer Gas Release . 3-13 Dispersion Models . 3-14 RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS . 3-14 REFERENCES R-1 API PUBL*45B7 94 W 0732290
18、0532467 5T5 W LIST OF APPENDICES A. GLOSSARY . A-1 B. REMOTE SENSING TERMINOLOGY B-1 C. REVIEW OF OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING STUDIES - REFINERY-RELATED COMPOUNDS C- 1 L D. REFINERY FUGITIVE EMISSIONS - CONVENTIONAL POINT SAMPLING, TRACER STUDIES AND EMISSIONS ESTIMATES D-1 API PUBL*4587 94 0732290 05324
19、68 431 = LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1 . Project Organization Chart 1-4 2.1 . Summary of Contributions to Airborne Hydrocarbons at C.1 . Example of Cross-Plume Scans From a DIAL System Downwind From One Process Area . C-7 C.2 . OP-FTIR Quantitative Performance Summary for Accuracy C.3 . OP-FTiR Qu
20、antitative Performance Summary for Precision D.1 . Summary of Contributions to Airborne Hydrocarbons at the Yorktown Refinery . 2-16 from EPAs Intercomparison Study C-23 from EPAs Intercomparison Study C-23 the Yorktown Refinery D-2 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 . ORS Systems Used in Studies in Refi
21、nery or Petrochemical Settings 2-4 2.2a . Summary of BTEX Path-Average Detection Limits for ORS Systems . 2-9 2.2b . Summary of BTEX Path-Integrated Detection Limits for ORS Systems . 2-10 2.3 . Potential Dispersion Modeling Representations for Various Petroleum and Chemical Industry Operations and
22、Equipment 2-19 ORS Systems Used in Studies in Refinery or Petrochemical Settings C-2 Target Compounds for the Shell Deer Park Study C-14 Non-Target Compounds Detected During the Shell Deer Park Study . C-14 Comparative Results from the Atlanta Study C-16 C.1 . C.2 . C.3 . C.4 . C.5 . Variations in M
23、DLs During the Gulf Coast Vacuum Services Study . C-21 . D-4 D- 1 . Representative SourceDevice Fugitive Emissions . Refinery API PUBL*4587 94 0732290 0532469 378 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Under Title III of the Clean Air Act amendments of 1990, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is required to
24、promulgate Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) regulations for emissions of hazardous air pollutants (air toxics) from various industrial sources including refineries. Once the control technology is in place, EPA must develop information on the residual risks associated with exposure to low
25、-level air toxics downwind of major industrial sources. It is anticipated that the EPA will require industry to use actual emission measurements or emission estimates derived from emission factors and dispersion modeling to estimate the risks. Recent studies, however, have shown that EPA dispersion
26、models may significantly overestimate ambient concentrations of low-level air toxics for areas less than one kilometer from the source (near field). In addition, at the time this study was initiated, EPA and several state agencies were considering requiring industry to use open-path optical remote s
27、ensing (ORS) technology to establish concentrations of low level air toxics downwind of industrial sources. For these reasons, the American Petroleum Institute (API) considered conducting a comprehensive field study at a refmery to assess whether upwind and downwind ORS measurements, combined with a
28、ncillary measurements such as meteorological and tracer gas release data, could be used to calculate emission rates of air toxics from a refinery. A secondary objective was to develop better information on the near-field dispersion of air toxic emissions from refineries for the purposes of improving
29、 existing dispersion models. Before embarking on a costly field study, API sponsored this study to review the state of the art of optical remote sensing technology and to provide answers to several questions which arose concerning the feasibility of achieving the field study objectives. STUDY APPROA
30、CH The feasibility study was conducted by performing two major tasks. The fist task was to conduct a comprehensive review of studies related to the use of optical remote sensing for the ES- 1 API PUBLt4587 94 D 0732290 0532Y70 0T measurement of emissions of refinery-related compounds both in refiner
31、y settings and non- refinery settings. In addition, conventional sampling studies for emission rate estimates were reviewed. In the second task, the reviewed information was synthesized and key technical issues such as detection limits, light beam placement, dispersion modeling, tracer gas releases,
32、 and time interval for measurements were summarized. Based on the review, the questions posed by API were answered and technical considerations for design of a refinery emissions study using ORS were developed. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS The findings of this study can best be summarized in the context of t
33、he answers to the feasibility questions posed by API and the design considerations that were developed. Is the amount of information collected from other, recent studies of a similar nature suficient to accomplish the objectives of the proposed field study thereby negating the necessity for the fiel
34、d study? None of the reported studies addressed detection limits and transport parameters in sufficient detail to provide technically defensible emission rate data, especially for the benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes TEX) compounds and, specifically, benzene. There are indications that progre
35、ss has been made in the past four to five years in obtaining emission rates for these compounds but more work is still needed. Hence, there is not sufficient data at present to nile out the need for a field study. Most of the experience in using ORS for fugitive emissions estimates at refmeries has
36、been gained from two studies at Swedish refineries in the late 1980s. The reports (mainly internal and not peer-reviewed) from these studies were however, the one commercially available system had not been tested reliably in fenceline studies as of the end of 1992. The versatility of the open-path F
37、ourier Transform Inrared (OP-FTIR) ORS systems in being able to detect a large number of organic and inorganic vapors is offset by their relatively poor sensitivity for aromatic compounds caused by water vapor interference in the regions of strong absorption. A number of factors affect the actual de
38、tection limits attained at a particular site, at a particular time. These include the presence of interfering compounds, the path length, meteorological conditions, the time interval of sampling, and the detector in the particular instrument being used. These factors need to be considered in the des
39、ign of a field study. ES-3 API PUBLX4587 94 W 0732290 0532472 962 W For refineries in isolated locations, it should be possible to separate the contributions due to the refinery from the background provided that a UV-based ORS system is used for the BTEX compounds. Of course, if the refinery emits l
40、ow concentrations of air toxics even those isolated downwind levels may be below currently achievable minimum detection limits (MDLs). No information on the actual contribution from the refinery would be gained if both the upwind and downwind concentrations are below the MDLs. For non-BTEX air toxic
41、s unique to refineries, it should also be possible to the separate the contribution due to the refinery from the background by either a UV or FIR system even in a more complex industrial setting, again with certain MDL caveats. For BTEX compounds at refmeries in an urban or industrial setting, it wi
42、ll probably not be possible to separate the contribution due to the refmery from the background with the currently available systems due in part to the complex source pattern and present MDLs for these compounds. This qualification recognizes that the presence of BTEX, especially benzene, in the amb
43、ient air comes from the cars and trucks in parking lots as well as the nearby highways (Stevens and Vossler, 1991) and other nearby industrial sources and, thus, must be compensated for. The concentrations from these non-refmery sources may be significantly higher than those from the refinery itself
44、. For such complex settings, monitoring close to the various process areas at the refinery may make it possible to determine emissions rates for each process area since the ambient concentrations due to the process area will be significantly higher near the process area (source) than at the fencelin
45、e, thus, reducing the importance of the upwind concentrations. Is the state of the technology of optical remote sensing (and required ancillary measurements) suficiently refined to provide technically defensible data for the calculation of air toxics emission rates due to a refinery complex located
46、in either an isolated setting or in a complex industrial area? To address the issue of the technical defensibility of the calculated refinery specific emission rates, one must address not only the defensibility of the path-integrated concentration ES4 API PUBLr45B 94 m 0732290 0532473 8T9 m measurem
47、ents but also the defensibility of the contribution due to the refinery determined from these measurements and the defensibility of the models and/or tracer data which combine the meteorological data with the concentration data to produce emission rates. With respect to ORS path-integrated or path-a
48、verage concentrations, ORS instrumentation and field techniques have been improving rapidly in recent years and have compared well with conventional sampling methods in several field intercomparison studies. In addition two draft guidance documents have been prepared by the EPA to provide guidance o
49、n quality assurance and quality control measures to ensure that path-average concentrations determined with the F“lR are technically defensible. Thus, the ORS systems are sufficiently refined to provide technically defensible path-integrated or path-average concentrations. These technically defensible data may consist of statements that the concentrations are below the MDL. To determine the contribution due to the refinery, the technical defensibility depends on having sufficiently low MDLs and, thus, sufficient sensitivity to determine the difference between the upwind and downw
