1、API PUBLm4602 94 m 0732290 0541858 127 m ERRATA Issue Date: December 12, 1994 Affected Publication: API Publication Number 4602, Minimization, Handling, Treatment and Disposal of Petroleum Products Terminal Wastewaters, August 1994 On page 7-7, paragraph 7, line 5, the word Yo“ has been omitted. The
2、 text should read: “Although wastewater generation at terminals is relatively minor, increasingly strict regulation of wastewater from even minor sources is making it more critical to understand and optimize .“ On page 4-76, Table 4-2, the word “napthenes“ should be replaced by “naphthenes.“ On page
3、 B-17, Figure B-8, the carbon drums are 165 Ibs in size, not 500 Ibs. Pages 9-60, 9-62, 9-64, 8-77, B-72 and 8-73: The calculations of activated carbon capacity based on pilot and full-scale testing were based on an erroneous value for the weight of carbon in two of the four studies. The erroneous v
4、alues were based on 500 Ib carbon drums. The corrected pages, based on 165 Ib carbon drums, are attached. Please paste them into your document. API PUBL*4602 94 W 0732290 0539347 Lb7 m API PUBL14b02 94 liB 0732290 0539348 OT3 % Environmental Partncnbip One of the most significant long-term trends af
5、fecting the future vitality of the petroleum industry is the publics concerns about the environment. Recognizing this trend, API member cornpanles have developed a positive, forward looking strategy called STEP: Strategies for Todays Environmental Partnership. This program aims to address public con
6、cerns by improving our industrys environmental, health and safety performance; documenting performance improvements; and communicating them to the public. The foundation of STEP is the API Environmental Mission and Guiding Environmental Principles. API ENVIRONMENTAL MISSION AND GUIDING ENVIRONMENTAL
7、 PRINCIPLES The members of the American Petroleum Institute are dedicated to continuous efforts to Improve the compatibility of our operations with the environment while economically developing energy resources and supplying hlgh quality products and services to consumers. The members recognize the
8、importance of efficiently meeting societys needs and our responsibility to work with the public, the government, and others to develop and to use natural resources in an environmentally sound manner while protecng the health and safety of our employees and the public, To meet these responsibilities,
9、 API members pledge to manage our businesses according to these principles: D * D I b D D # D D * To recognize and to respond to community concerns about our raw materials, products and operations. To operate our plants and facilities, and to handle our raw materials and products In a manner that pr
10、otects the environment, and the safety and health of our employees and the public. To make safety, health and environmental considerations a priority in our planning, and our development of new products and processes. To advise promptly, appropriate officials, employees, customers and the public of
11、inforrnaon on significant industry-related safety, health and environmental hazards, and to recommend protective measures, To counsel customers, transporters and others in the safe use, transportation and disposai of our raw materials, products and waste materials. To economically develop and produc
12、e natural resources and to conserve those resources by using energy efficiently. To extend knowledge by conducting or supporting research on the safety, health and environmental effects of our raw materials, products, processes and waste materials. To commit to reduce overall emission and waste gene
13、ration. To work with others to resohre problems created by handling and disposal of hazardous substances from our operations. To participate with government and others in creating responsible laws, regulations and standards to safeguard the community, workplace and environment. To promote these prin
14、ciples and practices by sharing experiences and offering assistance to others who produce, handle, use, transport or dispose of similar raw materials, petroleum products and wastes. API PUBL*4602 94 0732290 0539349 T3T = Minimization, Handling, Treatment, and Disposal of Petroleum Products Terminal
15、Wastewaters Health and Environmental Sciences Department and Manufacturing, Distribution, and Marketing Department API PUBLICATION NUMBER 4602 PREPARED UNDER CONTRACT BY: B.V. KLOCK TEXACO INC. RESEARCH even dry stream beds or drainage ditches are included. However, groundwater is not included, so i
16、f the water is sent to a well, or into a french drain, percolation pond, evaporation pond, or infiltration gallery, then an NPDES permit is probably not needed. A number of court cases have addressed the question of whether discharges to groundwater with a close connection to surface water may requi
17、re an NPDES permit. The prevailing view appears to be that a permit is not needed, but the issue has not been completely resolved nationally. Also, for discharges to ground, another type of wastewater permit may be required by the Safe Drinking Water Act or local regulations. Also, note that an NPDE
18、S permit allows water which would otherwise be classified as hazardous waste to be exempted (see below). 3-1 API PUBLW4602 94 W O732290 0537365 LB2 = 3.2.1.1 Point Source A “point source is any discharge to public waters resulting from collection and conveyance of wastewater, by means including pipe
19、s, sewers, ditches, channels, and so forth. A nonpoint source is water which leaves the property by running off the land (e.g., down a hillside) in sheet flow, Le., not collected or channeled. In general, if the water is collected before discharge, the discharge becomes a point source. As noted, any
20、 point source discharge containing pollutants as defined in the CWA (except stormwaters, in some cases) sent directly to public waters must have an NPDES permit. If the facility has more than one point source, each source must be permitted (although all the sources at a facility are usually covered
21、by a single NPDES permit). Point sources are referred to as OufaZZs and are assigned unique numbers. Each outfall may have different parameters to be monitored and controlled, and different levels of control. 3.2.1.2 Permit Application An NPDES permit is an official document which specifies the lega
22、l conditions for discharging wastewater. It is obtained by filing a permit application with the proper authority (see below), using special forms. The usual application contains a facility description, the volumes and characteristics of all point source wastewaters, and the type of treatment being a
23、pplied (or planned to be applied) to the wastewater. An application must be filed at least 180 days before the first discharge occurs, or 180 days before the expiration of an existing permit. It is essential to make the application as complete and accurate as possible. The wastewater flow and contam
24、inant levels need to be accurately described, since these are often used as the basis for the permit limits. 3.2.1.3 Legal Status of Permits Obtaining a permit usually requires knowledge of correct procedures as applied to each location (many states and municipalities have requirements which differ
25、considerably from federal requirements); obtaining expert help, either within the company or from outside consultants, is recommended. Severe civil and criminal penalties can be assessed for violating the Clean Water Act, even if the violation was not intentional. If the proposed permit contains pro
26、visions which cannot be met by the facility (for instance, if effluent standards are stricter than can be achieved by the facility treatment system), then the permit should not be accepted; once the permit is accepted, all violations become subject to the penalties noted. 3.2.1.4 Permitting Authorit
27、y The authority to issue NPDES permits is ultimately controlled by the EPA. However, the EPA can, and has in most cases, given this permitting authority to the individual states. In states not so authorized, both EPA and state discharge permits may be required. States can also delegate permit writin
28、g for federal or state permits to local agencies. At each level (state and local) downwards, more stringent limits can be applied; on the other hand, more lenient low-level standards do not override stricter upper level standards. 3.2.1.5 EPA Guidelines EPA has established detailed national permitti
29、ng guidelines for various industrial categories such as petroleum refineries and chemical plants. At this time, no such national guidelines are available for petroleum products terminals, probably because of the relatively small impact such facilities have on the environment. Because of this lack of
30、 national guidelines, NPDES permit limits for terminals 3-2 API PUBL+4602 94 m 0732270 O539366 017 W are set by EPA regional offices, or by states, localities, or other local agencies. This leads to considerable variety in the types and stringency of permits issued across the country. Another source
31、 of variation is the change of permit requirements with time: older permits are usually less complex and less stringent. The following provides a general indication of the types of permit requirements which can be expected. 3.2.1.6 Eftuent Contaminant Parameters Effluent limitations (concentrations,
32、 mass emissions, and other) imposed under “DES permit programs can include, but are not limited to, any of the following parameters (see 4.1 1.3 for a more complete discussion of the parameters): Conventional parameters are those contaminants which are typically found in sewage or stormwater runoff.
33、 These parameters have an adverse effect on the receiving water, but also are indicators of the quality of wastewater treatment which produced the effluent. EPA defines the list of conventional parameters, which currently includes BODS, oil hence, the reasonableness of costs for such treatments may
34、be subject to negotiation. 3.2.2.2 Receiving Water Quality Basis for Permits The supposed overall goal of wastewater regulations is the restoration of the receiving water to certain quality standards. One such standard is “fishable”, meaning that aquatic life of various types is protected; another s
35、tandard is “swimmableyy, meaning that human health will not be endangered by exposure to the water. The problem faced by regulators is setting effluent quality standards for all dischargers to a receiving water which will enable the receiving water to meet its quality standards. A general approach i
36、s the setting of allocations for various parameters to each discharger, such that when each discharger meets its allocation, the total contaminant load on the receiving water will, when the receiving water flow and assimilative capacity (ability to remove contaminants by natural processes in the wat
37、er) are taken into account, result in the water meeting the standards. Clearly, except for small streams with few dischargers, this can be a complex task. In order to simpli the task, many regulatory bodies will establish general effluent standards which, when met, will approximately result in the d
38、esired receiving water quality. In many areas, receiving waters (streams, rivers, lakes, estuaries, bays) are assigned to various classes, with each class having its own set of quality standards. In setting standards based on receiving water quality, regulators do not consider the cost of the treatm
39、ents required to achieve the standards (unlike the technology-based limits discussed above). This fact leads to the possibility of standards being set which cannot be economically met by dischargers, and makes it critical that the standards be set on the basis of sound scientific principles. A speci
40、al type of receiving water quality standards are toxicity standards. These standards are generally divided into acute and chronic toxicity standards. Acute standards are short-term (generally 48 or 96 hours) lethality standards, typically expressed as LCO. The function of these standards is avoidanc
41、e of adverse effects in the immediate vicinity of the effluent discharge. To 3-4 API PUBLr4602 94 0732290 0539368 991 determine the allowed dilution for the effluent standard, the concentration of the effluent in the mixing zone is calculated based on the effluent flow, the stream flow, the size of
42、the mixing zone, and the degree of mixing. In some cases, there is no mixing zone, if, for example, the effluent discharge is the sole source of water in the stream. Chronic standards are long-term standards, intended to provide ll protection to aquatic life after the effluent is completely mixed wi
43、th the receiving water. The effects can thus be calculated by dividing the effluent flow by the receiving water flow, and comparing this with the bioassay dilution which shows no adverse effects of the effluent. One type of biological standard which is being considered is the bioconcentration standa
44、rd, which is based on the fact that certain materials accumulate in living organisms over the life of the organism, and also are passed up the food chain as the organisms are eaten by other organisms. These standards are generally stricter than the normal bioassay standards, since levels of contamin
45、ants which do not show any effects in a bioassay test can result in significant accumulation for relatively long-lived organisms, and can, via the food chain, affect organisms not used in the bioassay tests (an example is pesticides which accumulate in fish bodies, and affect the birds which eat the
46、 fish). It should be noted that not all contaminants are subject to bioconcentration, since this requires that (1) the contaminant be ingested by the organism, (2) the contaminant must be stored, and accumulate, in the organisms tissues, (3) the stored contaminant must not be significantly metaboliz
47、ed, and (4) the organism must be eaten by another organism which itself will store and not metabolize the contaminant. Yet another type of biological standard receiving regulatory attention is bioassays of sediment, which refers to material from an effluent which is deposited on the receiving water
48、bottom as insoluble particles. Clearly, such materials must be either insoluble in the effluent, or precipitated from the effluent in the receiving water. The reason such materials are separately regulated from water-soluble toxins is that high levels can build up on the receiving water bottom over
49、time, and potentially result in adverse effects on the organisms (benthic organisms) which live in the sediment, and on aquatic animals which feed on these. Contaminated sediments regulation presents complex issues, such as the likelihood of material depositing from the effluent (which is affected strongly by the receiving water velocity and turbulence), the possibility of a given sediment being contaminated because of upstream dischargers, and the long-term nature (sediments accumulate over decades) of the problem. 3.2.2.3 Bases for Permits Other Than Receiving Water Quali
