1、HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT API PUBLICATION NUMBER 461 5 JANUARY 1995 API PUBLU46L5 95 I 0732290 0544602 073 Emission Factors for Oil and Gas Production Operations American Petroleum Institute API PUBL*4615 95 0732290 0544603 T2T % Environmental Partncnbip One of the most significan
2、t long-term trends affecting the future vitality of the petroleum industry is the publics concems about the environment. Recognizing this trend, API member companies have developed a posiuve, forward looking strategy called STEP: Strategies for Todays Environmental Partnership. This program aims to
3、address public concerns by improving our industrys environmental, health and safety performance; documenting performance improvements; and communicating them to the public. The foundation of STEP is the API Environmental Mission and Guiding Environmental Principles. API ENVIRONMENTAL MISSION AND GUI
4、DING ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES The members of the American Petroleum Institute are dedicated to continuous efforts to improve the compatibility of our operations with the environment while economically developing energy resources and supplying high quality products and services to consumers. The memb
5、ers recognize the importance of efficiently meeting societys needs and our responsibility to work with the public, the government, and others to develop and to use natural resources in an environmentally sound mannetwhile protecting the health and safety of our employees and the public. To meet thes
6、e responsibilities, API members pledge to manage our businesses according to these principles: B b b B B b B B * b b To recognize and to respond to community concerns about our raw materials, products and operations. To operate our plants and facilities, and to handle our raw materials and products
7、in a manner that protects the environment, and the safety and health of our employees and the public. To make safety, health and environmental considerations a priority in our planning, and our development of new products and processes. To advise promptly, appropriate officials, employees, customers
8、 and the public of information on significant industry-related safety, health and environmental hazards, and to recommend protective measures. To counsel customers, transporters and others in the safe use, transportation and disposal of our raw materials, products and waste materials. To economicall
9、y develop and produce natural resources and to conserve those resources by using energy efficiently. To extend knowledge by conducting or supporting research on the safety, health and environmental effects of our raw materials, products, processes and waste materials. To commit to reduce overall emi
10、ssion and waste generation. To work with others to resolve problems created by handling and disposal of hazardous substances from our operations. To participate with government and others in creating responsible laws, regulations and standards to safeguard the community, workplace and environment. T
11、o promote these principles and practices by sharing experiences and offering assistance to others who produce, handle, use, transport or dispose of similar raw materials, petroleum products and wastes. API PUBLU4615 95 m 0732290 0544604 966 m Emission Factors for Oil and Gas Operations Health and En
12、vironmental Sciences Departments API PUBLICATION NUMBER 461 5 PREPARED UNDER CONTRACT BY: STAR ENVI RONMENTAL P.O. BOX 13425 TORRANCE, CA 90503 DECEMBER 1994 American Petroleum Institute API PUBLa4bl5 95 m 0732290 O544605 AT2 m FOREWORD API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATU
13、RE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED. API IS NOT UNDERTAKING To MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANUFAC- TURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFET
14、Y RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANU- FACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COV- ERED BY LETTER
15、S PATENT. NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN ITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETTERS PATENT. THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABIL- Copyright Q 1995 American Petroleum Institute i API PUBL+4bL5 95 0732290 0544606 739 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE ARE RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR CO
16、NTRIBUTIONS OF TIME AND EXPERTISE DURING THIS STUDY AND IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS REPORT API STAFF CONTACT Paul Martino, Ph.D., Health and Environmental Sciences Department MEMBERS OF THE EXPLORATION the number components classified as non-emitters (instrument screening values less than 1 O parts-p
17、er-million, by volume, methane equivalence ppmv); the number of components with screening values from 10 through 9,999 ppmv, and the number with screening values of 10,000 ppmv or more. Detailed screening data for Sites 1 through 20 are included in Publication No. 4589; detailed screening data for S
18、ites 21 through 24 are contained in Appendix A of this report. Information recorded for each emitter includes component type (flange, other connector, open end line, pump seal, valve, others), component size in inches, and instrument screening 2 API PUBLX4615 95 0732290 0594617 514 value. Emitter da
19、ta for Sites 1 through 20 are appended to Publication No. 4589; emitter data for Sites 21 through 24 are contained in Appendix B of this report. Mass emission rates from a total of 945 leaks were quantified. Emission rates for 705 leaks quantified at sites 1 through 20 are appended to Publication No
20、. 4589; emission rates for 240 leaks quantified at sites 21 through 24 are included in Appendix C of this report. Table 1. Sites Used to Develop New E Some agency regulations contain 10,000 ppmv as the definition of a leak; and, “LeaWNo-leak“ emission factors published by EPA for other industries ha
21、ve 10,000 ppmv as the division point between “leaking“ and “non-leaking“ components. Total emissions calculated using 10,000 ppmv pegged factors are generally more conservative (higher) than those calculated using 100,000 ppmv pegged factors Figures I through 3 show relationships between the EPA def
22、ault zeros, correlation equations, and 10,000 ppmv pegged factors. The intersection of the default zero factor and the correlation equation is different for each type of component. Table 3 lists the intersections of the default zeros and the correlation equations. 4 API PUBL*4bL5 95 = 0732290 05Ll4b
23、L9 397 Figure 1. Relationship of Default Zero, Correlation Equation, and Pegged Factor (Connection and Flange) 10 1 o. 1 0.01 0.001 1 10 100 1 ,o00 10,ooo 100,ooo 1,OOo,O00 INSTRUMENT SCREENING VALUE (ppmv Figure 2. Relationship of Default Zero, Correlation Equation, and Pegged Factor (Valve and Ope
24、n End Line) 10 0, 0.01 0.001 0.O001 1 10 100 1 ,o00 I INSTRUMENT SCREENING VALUE (ppmv 5 API PUBLx4bL5 75 m 0732290 0544620 007 m Connection Figure 3. Relationship of Default Zero, Correlation Equation, and Pegged Factor (Pumps and Others) EPA Default Zero Equivalent Equation (pp 0.000441 10.25 10 1
25、 o. 1 0.01 0.001 mv) U I I i 0.m1 J 1 10 100 1 ,o00 10,m 100,ooo 1,OOo,m INSTRUMENT SCREENING VALUE (ppmv Flange Open End Pump Valve Others Table 3. Intersection of Default Zeros and Correlation Equations Ib/comDonent-davl 0.000528 3.18 O. 000671 12.40 O. O01 621 0.48 0.000644 9.50 0.000209 0.13 CAL
26、CULATION OF EMISSION FACTORS Emission factors were calculated by adding the contributions of three screening ranges to total emissions: non-emitters, emitters from 1 O to 9,999 ppmv, and emitters pegged at 10,000 ppmv (see Table 4). Contribution from Non-emitters Adjustment for Minimum Instrument Sc
27、reening Values. The API database contains 200,094 instrument screening values of less than 10 ppmv (uncorrected for background). It is not 6 API PUBL*4bL5 95 W 0732290 0544b2L T45 W Connection Flange Open End Pump Valve Others possible in all cases to determine whether the corrected screening values
28、 were zero or some number between 1 and 9 ppmv. To be conservative, they were assumed to have screening values of 10 ppmv above background. Emissions from connections and open end lines in this group were calculated using the appropriate EPA default zeros; emission rates for flanges, pumps, valves,
29、and other components in this category were calculated at a screening value of 10 ppmv. Table 4 shows the emission rates used to calculate the emissions of these components. Table 4. Emission Rates Used for “Non-Emitters“ (Ibkomponent-day) Default Zero Equation ppmv ppmv used Emission Rate used 0.000
30、441 10.25 10.25 0.000441 0.000528 3.18 10.00 0.001 183 0.000671 12.40 12.40 0.000671 O. O01 621 0.48 10.00 0.010348 0.000644 9.50 10.00 O. 000671 0.000209 0.13 10.00 0.002703 I PA I Equivalent I Non-Emitter I Non-Emitter II Onshore Light Crude Production Onshore Heavy Crude Production Onshore Gas Pr
31、oduction 71 % 29% 71 % 29% 86% 14% “Others“ category includes instruments, loading arms, pressure relief valves, stuffing boxes, compressor seals, dump lever arms, and vents. Adjustment for Flange and Other Connector Designations. The API 1993 database separates components as connection, valve, open
32、-ended line, pump seal, compressor seal, pressure relief valve, instrument, hatch, polished rod stuffing box, dump lever arm, vent, meter, and drain. The database does not differentiate between non-emitting connections and non-emitting flanges; both types of components are included in a single categ
33、ory. Calculations in this report are based on a division of the connections into two categories: flange and other connections. Table 5 shows the assumptions used for assigning components to each category. These assumptions were based on component counts at sites 21 through 24 and additional inventor
34、y work at two light crude production sites. The sensitivity of the emission factors to these assumptions is discussed later in this report. Table 5. Assumptions for Dividing API Connections by Type II TvPe of Site I Connection I Flanae II II Onshore Gas Plants I 70% I 30% II 7 API PUBLu4bL5 95 = 073
35、2290 0544b22 981 Contribution of Emitters from 10 to 9.999 ppmv EPA correlation equations shown in Table 2 were used to calculate emission rates for components with screening values from 10 to 9,999 ppmv. The API 1993 database differentiates between emitting connections and emitting flanges, therefo
36、re no assumptions were necessary for this category of emitters. Contribution from Emitters That Penned Instrument at 10,000 ppmv EPA 10,000 ppmv pegged emission factors shown in Table 2 were used for components with screening values of 10,000 ppmv or more. The API 1993 database differentiates betwee
37、n pegged connections and pegged flanges, therefore no assumptions were necessary for this category of emitters. Average Emission Factors for Each Site and Each Type of Component Table 6 contains individual component emission factors (in Ibkomponent-day) for each of the 24 sites except the heavy crud
38、e production sites which have been combined. These factors are average factors obtained by combining emissions for each type of component from all three screening ranges (non-emitters; emitters from 10 to 9,999 ppmv; and emitters pegged at 10,000 ppmv) and dividing by the total number of components
39、of that type. Table 7 contains the same factors expressed in kgkomponent-hour. Table 8 contains emission factors calculated after the data were grouped by type of site: onshore light crude production (Sites I through 4), onshore heavy crude production (Sites 5 through 8), onshore gas production (Sit
40、es 9 through 12), onshore gas plants (Sites 13 through 16 and Sites 21 through 24), and offshore oil and gas production (Sites 17 through 20). Table 9 contains the same data expressed in kgkomponent-hr. These factors can be used to predict total hydrocarbon emissions when screening data is not avail
41、able and only the number of components installed at a site is known. 8 API PUBL*4hL5 95 0732290 O544623 !LB H Table 6. Average Emission Factors by Site (Ibkornponent-day) “Others“ category includes instruments, loading arms, pressure relief valves, stuffing boxes, compressor seals, dump lever arms,
42、and vents. “Others“ category includes instruments, loading arms, pressure relief valves, stuffing boxes, compressor seals, dump lever arms, and vents. 9 API PUBL84bL5 95 M 0732290 0544624 754 M “Others“ category includes instruments, loading arms, pressure relief valves, stuffing boxes, compressor s
43、eals, dump lever arms, and vents. “Others“ category includes instruments, loading arms, pressure relief valves, stuffing boxes, compressor seals, dump lever arms, and vents. On the following pages, Figures 4-8 compare the individual and group emission factors. The group emission factors are shown as
44、 shaded columns behind the narrow columns representing individual emission factors. 10 API PUBL*4615 95 W 0732290 0544625 690 W v) W F 3 o a um z O F o n O U e W n 3 U o I- I 0 2 er O u. ua er O c o a u. z O z ua z W W 0 K W I a s S o U II I o :Y :O + O O O z 8 O O O O O - o O O O O o O E O O O 8 $
45、5 O a - 9 E 3 a U C W C a oa a o, C m LL - C O a t t .- 5 8 11 2 O i= o n O e W n K o O O O O t o API PUBL*LthL5 95 = 0732290 0544626 527 ? In v) a cn w .- o v) In O O O T 9 t I I I 1 O O O z 8 O O O F O 8 (JY/6Y) O13Vd NOISSIW3 12 8 - O O 8 O O O O .c 8 m W J E o a IL 2 O F: o 3 n O a e v) a c3 a:
46、O u, v) O ti a u, z O v) v) I W W c3 d W .I I a O O O O E o API PUBL*4b15 95 = 0732290 0544627 463 O gr 8 o Cu .r . . L . . . 0L . t4 ao (D O O O 9 (D o O d T 0 O ao T- T- F! 5 .:. :.:. . . :. - s E 3 o, U C W C a o“ a cs) C (II LL - C O o al C C O .- + o 13 API PUBL*4615 95 = 0732290 0544b28 3TT r-
47、 3 m U L .- O O O O O 7 o O ;u 7- d ln T Y 9 O + . . O II., . J . . . . - O O O z 9 O O O O O O c o . . . . O O - O O O o 0 O O O O o 5 5 O a - m Q 3 o, E u C W C a O“ al cr, C m Li: C O o a t C .- - o 14 cn W I- I 3 o a IA z O F: o 3 n o e W K O I v) IA 8 a O u, v) U O ti a u, Z O u) u) E W W (3 W
48、4 I I a O O O O z API PUBL+46L5 95 W 0732270 0544629 236 W .- m o 8 si_ O O O O z 8 O O O o 8 b o l- - I 5 O . . o . . O E O O 8 0 O O O O LI (u e al - “ P 3 a U C W t (u o al c3) t (II G t O o al C C .- c s 15 _ API PUBLr4615 95 m 0732290 0544630 T58 m All Facilities I 1.497 I 4.490 1 1.600 1 3.905
49、 I 3.381 I 3.846 LeaWNo-leak Emission Factors for Each TvDe of Facility LeaWno-leak emission factors were calculated for each type of facility (onshore light crude production; onshore heavy crude production; onshore gas production; onshore gas plants; and offshore production) using a leak definition of 10,000 ppmv. The Leak factors for all sites and component types are the EPA 10,000 ppmv pegged source values. The No-leak factors were calculated by adding the emissions from all components with screening values of 9,999 ppm
