1、 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4673-ENGL L759 H 0732290 ObLb07b bTb American Petroleum institute IMPACTS OF PETROLEUM PRODUCT MARKETING TERMINALS ON THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT , PUBLICATION NUMBER 4673 APRIL 1999 STD-API/PETRO PUBL 4673-ENGL 3779 0732270 0636077 532 Am
2、erican Petroleum Institute American Petroleum Institute Environmental, Health, and Safety Mission and Guiding Principles i MISSION The members of the American Petroleum Institute cire dedicated to continuous efforts to improve the compatibility of our operations with the environment while economical
3、ly developing energy resources and supplying high qualig products und services to consumers. We recognize our responsibility to work with the public, the government, and others to develop and to use natural resources in un enviroimentally sound manner while protecting the health and safety .f our et
4、nployees and the public. To meet these responsibilities, API members pledge to manage our businesses uccording to the following principles using sound science to prioritize risks und to implement cost-effective management practices: , PRINCIPLES o To recognize and to respond to community concerns ab
5、out our raw materials, products and operations. To operate our plants and facilities, and to handle our raw materials and products in a manner that protects the environment, and the safety and health of our employees and the public. To make safety, health and environmental considerations a priority
6、in our planning, and our development of new products and processes. To advise promptly, appropriate officials, employees, customers and the public of information on significant industry-related safety, health and environmental hazards, and to recommend protective measures. To counsel customers, tran
7、sporters and others in the safe use, transportation and disposal of our raw materials, products and waste materials. To economically develop and. produce natural resources and to conserve those resources by using energy efficiently. To extend knowledge by conducting or supporting research on the saf
8、ety, health and environmental effects of our raw materials, products, processes and waste materials. To commit to reduce overall emission and waste generation. To work with others to resolve problems created by handling and disposal of hazardous substances from our operations. To participate with go
9、vernment and others in creating responsible laws, regulations and standards to safeguard the community, workplace and environment. To promote these principles and practices by sharing experiences and offering assistance to others who produce, handle. use, transport or dispose of similar ruw material
10、s, petroleum products and wastes. - STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4673-ENGL 1999 I 0732290 ObZb078 479 111 Impacts of Petroleum Product Marketing Terminals on the Aquatic Environment Health and Environmental Sciences Department API PUBLICATION NUMBER 4673 PREPARED UNDER CONTRACT BY: EXXON BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES,
11、INC. CN 2350 METTLERS ROAD EAST MILLSTONE, NEW JERSEY APRIL 1999 American Petroleum Ins titu t e FOREWORD API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED. API IS NOT UNDERTA
12、KING TO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANWAC- TURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICA
13、TION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANU- FACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COV- ERED BY LETTERS PATENT. NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN ITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETTERS PATENT. THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYO
14、NE AGAINST LIABIL- All rights reserved. No part of this work my be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any meuns, electronic, mechanical, phoiocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior writien permission from the publishel: Contact the publisher, API Publishing Services
15、, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Copyright O 1999 American Petroleum Institute iii STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4673-ENGL 1999 E 0732290 Ob1bOBO 027 Is ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE FOLLOWING PEOPLE ARE RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS OF TIME AND EXPERTISE DURING THIS STUDY AND IN THE PREPARATION OF TH
16、IS REPORT API STAm; CONTACT Roger Claff, Health and Environmental Sciences Department MEMBERS OF THE WATER TECHNOLOGY TASK FORCE Terrie Blackburn, Williams Pipeline Deborah Bolton, Chevron Products Marketing Andrew H. Glickman, Chevron Research and reviews the sources, quantity and quaity of PPMT wa
17、stewater streams. It also examines the potential impact of PPMT wastewater discharges to aquatic environments, to ascertain whether a need exists for more stringent regulations and treatment requirements. 1-2 STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4b73-ENGL 1777 - 0732270 0636090 T7b Section 2 OVERVIEW OF PETROLEUM PRO
18、DUCT MARKETING TERMINAL FACILITIES AND PRODUCTS PPMT FACILITIES PPMTs store refined petroleum products and distribute them to wholesale commercial and retail locations. For example, PPMTs distribute gasoline to service stations, heating oil to homes, and aircraft fuel to airports. Although PPMTs may
19、 differ from each other in some respects, the basic equipment at all PPMTs is the same: storage tanks and truck loading racks. Most product storage is in aboveground vertical storage tanks ranging from 10,000 gallons to over one million gallons in capacity. Horizontal tanks are sometimes utilized fo
20、r small volume storage. A large group of storage tanks is known as a tank farm. A variety of methods is used to deliver petroleum products from the refineries to PPMTs. The most common method of delivering bulk product to a PPMT is by pipeline. In a survey of 57 PPMTs, 63 percent use this method (Br
21、own and Caldwell, 1988). Tankers or barges are used by 30 percent. Lube oil (a more viscous product) is usually delivered by railcar or truck. Upon arrivai at the PPMT, product is transferred and stored in the various tanks until needed for delivery. Product is primarily delivered by truck to consum
22、ers. The product is transferred from PPMT storage into trucks at a loading rack consisting of piping, valves and gauging equipment. Loading racks are equipped with containment systems, which collect any spilled product and rainwater and direct it to a holding tank or retention basin. This prevents s
23、oil contamination by stormwater runoff. 2- 1 Other facilities may be present at PPMTs, but the exact combination of ancillary structures varies considerably among locations. The additional structures may include wastewater treatment systems, truck servicing facilities, warehouses, gasoline additive
24、blending facilities, laboratories, and packaging facilities. Packaging facilities handle lube oil, antifreeze, alcohol, and other specialty products. Wastewater treatment systems vary among the surveyed PPMTs, but ail have oil/water separators to treat their effluents and remove oil and grease. Most
25、 PPMTs have installed vapor recovery units to treat or recycle the volatile petroleum vapors. About half the surveyed PPMTs provide truck washing and maintenance services. DISTRIBUTED PRODUCTS The products handled at PPMTs are mainly motor gasolines and middle distillates. Middle distillates are a g
26、roup of products that include jet fuels, kerosene, diesel, and heating oil. At 57 surveyed PPMTs, 90 percent of the combined storage capacity of 18.5 million barrels (bbl) was for gasolines and middle distillates (Brown and Caldwell, 1988). Several octane grades of motor gasoline are handled at the
27、typical PPMT. Other products less commonly stored at PPMTs include aviation gasoline, lube oil, gasoline additives, and specialty products such as antifreeze. No petroleum or chemical production, beyond blending operations, OCCLUS at PPMT sites. PPMT SIZE The physical size of PPMTs varies considerab
28、ly. Smaller terminals may only be a few acres. In a survey of 57 PPMTs, more than 75 percent were less than 20 acres and had fewer than 10 tanks (Brown and Caldwell, 1988). The remaining 25 percent were larger, and typically covered 60 to 80 acres, having about 20 tanks. 2-2 STD-API/PETRO PUBL 4673-
29、ENGL L979 0732290 0616072 849 6 Section 3 WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS AND HANDLING PRACTICES WASTEWATER CLASSIFICATION, SOURCES AND VOLUMES PPMT wastewater originates from different sources and can be classified in a variety of ways. In this report, wastewater is classified on the basis of where it i
30、s collected and the likelihood of its contact with PPMT products. For example, stormwater runoff from vegetated areas, and away from tanks, loading racks, or other facilities, would not iikely come into contact with product stored at the facility. This runoff is classified as “noncontact wastewater.
31、” Areas where contact between stormwater runoff and product is possible would include exposed equipment and loading rack pads. This runoff is classified as “possible contact wastewater.” Water that infiltrates storage tank seals, aqueous condensate in storage tanks, water that enters storage tanks a
32、long with product, and water used to wash facilities or test the integrity of tanks and pipelines definitely does come into contact with product. This water is classified as “contact wastewater. The quality of the wastewater stream determines the means by which it is handled, treated and disposed. A
33、dditional information on wastewater classification and handling procedures is presented in Table 3-1. The relative volumes of the three types of wastewaters are presented in Figure 3-1 (Klock, 1994). Noncontact wastewater is by far the largest volume of wastewater, comprising over 98% of wastewater
34、at a typical PPMT. The next highest volume is possible contact wastewater; comprising about 1% of PPMT wastewater. The lowest volume is contact wastewater at less than 1 % of the total wastewater. The volume of noncontact wastewater at a PPMT site depends upon the size of the terminal grounds and th
35、e local climate. The average amount of stormwater discharged in 1986 from the surveyed PPMTs was 20 million gallons per site. This is equivalent to the annual amount of wastewater discharged by approximately 154 households, each containing five people. In most parts of the country, annual precipitat
36、ion is between 10 and 50 inches per year. Assuming 100% 3-1 STD.API/PETRO PUBL Yb73-ENGL 1999 9 0732290 ObLb093 785 e Table 3- 1. Wastewater Characteristics Type of Wastewater Area Characteristics Typical Areas Handling Source: Klock, 1994 3 -2 - STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4b73-ENGL L777 0732290 ObLb094 bLb
37、 I .c, o a E CI 8 -0 CI ob aW EO O u CI o cp E O CI z 2 r u d m m FI h 0. aJ u k 1 O m k aJ CCJ aJ c, 4 Y i;/l CCJ 4 however, the regulatory intent of oil and grease limits is to prevent the discharge of free-floating oil. The analysis dissolves material in a solvent and the dissolved material is me
38、asured as, and assumed to be, the oil and grease content of the sample. Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon - This is a measure of hydrocarbons, the principal components of petroleum products. The analysis dissolves material in a solvent and the dissolved material is measured as, and assumed to be, the tota
39、l petroleum hydrocarbon content of the sample. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) - This is a measure of how much oxygen will be consumed by bacteria, in decomposing wastewater contaminants. The BOD analysis uses bacteria that consume oxygen while degrading (principally) organic wastewater contaminants
40、. Since most aquatic life requires oxygen, the measurement of oxygen demand in the receiving water is important to ensure that oxygen depletion does not occur in the receiving water. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) - This is also a measure of total oxidizable material, but this test uses a chemical oxi
41、dizing agent rather than bacteria. - STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4673-ENGL 5779 = 0732290 0636078 2b7 IpI Total Organic Carbon (TOC) - TOC is an indicator of total soluble organic contaminants. It does not measure inorganic carbon (e.g., carbon dioxide). Ammonia - This is a highly water-soluble byproduct of
42、petroleum refining. It is also present in sanitary wastes fi-om households. Ammonia may be toxic to aquatic life if present at high enough concentrations under certain conditions. pH, Acidity, Alkalinity - pH is a measure of a water?s acid or alkaline strength or intensity. Acidity and alkalinity me
43、asure the water?s base and acid neutralization capacity, respectively. TSS - Total suspended solids is a measure of the quantity of undissolved solids in water and includes soil particles found in stormwater runoff. Aromatics - A class of compounds with ring structures. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzen
44、e and xylene, known as BTEX, are the principal aromatic constituents of gasoline. TDS - Total dissolved solids is generally considered to be an indication of inorganic salt content. Phenol - A water soluble, slightly acidic aromatic compound often found in gasoline. Phenols - A class of relatively w
45、ater soluble aromatics, derived from the parent compound phenol. Phenols are generally found in waters which contact gasoline. Light Non-Aromatic Hydrocarbons - These are paraffhs and olefins of 5 to 9 carbon atoms and are often the main constituents of gasoline. Ethers and Alcohols - These are cons
46、tituents which may be added to gasoline to improve octane or to comply with EPA requirements for sale of oxygenated gasoline in certain areas of the country. 4-2 - STD.API/PETRO PUBL 4b73-ENGL 1999 0732290 Oblb099 IT3 Surfactants - These are very common materials and the primary constituents of soap
47、s and detergents. They are periodically used for cleaning purposes at terminals and are used as fuel additives. Two categories of surfactants are sometimes measured in wastewaters. These include: (1) methylene blue activate substances (MBAS) or anionic surfactants and (2) cobalt thiocyanate active s
48、ubstances (CTAS) or nonionic surfactants. Metals - Metals are commonly found in terminal wastewater in low concentrations and include: lead, arsenic, iron, copper, zinc, chromium and cadmium. Some of these are found in crude oil, others appear to be from corrosion reactions. 4-3 STD-API/PETRO PUBL 4
49、h73-ENGL 1993 m O732290 Dblb100 745 BPI Section 5 LEVELS OF CONSTITUENTS IN THE VARIOUS CLASSES OF PPMT WASTEWATER NONCONTACT WASTEWATER Although insufficient data exist to make generalizations about the levels of contaminants in noncontact wastewater at PPMTs, it is generally believed that analyses to determine level of PPMT product contamination are unwarranted because these wastewaters do not come into contact with PPMT products. Lack of data does not necessarily imply that noncontact wastewater is pristine. Industrial and urban stormwa
