1、Literature Survey Subsurface and Groundwater Protection Related to Petroleum Refinery Operations API PUBLICATION 800 SEPTEMBER 1988 American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street, Northwest 11) Washington, D.C. 20005 PUBL 800-88 0732270 ooiEiEJ- Literature Survey Subsurface and Groundwater Protection Re
2、lated to Petroleum Refinery Operations Refining Department API PUBLICATION 800 American Petroleum Institute PUBL BOO- 10732290 0036082 3 1- SPECIAL NOTES 1, APL PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED. NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICU
3、LAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, 2. API IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANUFACTURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, OR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, O
4、R FEDERAL LAWS. 3. INFORMATION CONCERNING SAFETY AND HEALTH RISKS AND PROPER PRECAUTIONS WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR MATERIALS AND CONDITIONS SUPPLIER OF THAT MATERIAL, OR THE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET. SHOULD BE OBTAINED FROM THE EMPLOYER, THE MANUFACTURER, OR 4. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLIC
5、ATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANUFACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COVERED BY LETTERS PATENT. NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABILITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LE
6、TTERS PATENT. Copyright 1988 American Petroleum Institute PUBL BOO-BB 07322qo 001b083 r FOREWORD This literature survey was conducted under the direction of the API Committee on Refinery Environmental Control. The purpose of the study was to determine by means of a literature search what information
7、 has been published relating to the impact of petroleum refinery operations on subsurface soils and on groundwater with special reference to potential contamination problems. The survey was performed by Woodward-Clyde Consultants under contract to the American Petroleum Institute. Questions concerni
8、ng the contents of this report should be addressed to the director of the Refining Department, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. o 1.0 INTRODUCTION PUBL 800-8 0732290 OOLb084 7r TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.0 THE LITERATURE SEARCH 2.1 Computer Search 2.2 Manual Search 3.0
9、 ANNOTATION PROCESS 4.0 PREVENTION ANNOTATIONS 5.0 DETECTION AND ASSESSMENT ANNOTATIONS 6.0 CONTAINMENT AND CLEANUP ANNOTATIONS 7.0 REGULATORY BACKGROUND 7.1 EPA Groundwater Protection Strategy 7.2 Selected Examples of Some State and Local Requirements 7.2.1 Illinois 7.2.2 Louisiana 7.2.3 New Jersey
10、 7.2.4 Texas 8.0 REGULATORY ANNOTATIONS 8.1 Clean Water Act 8.1.1 Discharge of Oil 8.1.2 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 8.1.3 National Primary Drinking Water Standards 8.1.4 Dredge and Fill Operations 8.2 Safe Drinking Water Act 8.2.1 Underground Injection Control Program 8.2.2 Well
11、head Protection Program 8.2.3 Sole Source Aquifer Program Page 1 2 3 3 3 5 26 47 80 80 82 83 83 84 84 86 87 87 87 88 88 89 89 89 90 PUBL 800-88 07322q0 0036085 r Page 8.0 REGULATORY ANNOTATIONS, continued 8.3 Solid Waste Disposal Act 8.3.1 Land Disposal of Solid Wastes 8.3.2 Generation, Transportati
12、on, and Disposal of Hazardous Waste 8.3.3 Solid Waste Management Units 8.3.4 Surface Impoundments 8.3.5 Waste Piles 8.3.6 Land Treatment 8.3.7 Landfills 8,3.8 Interim Status Requirements 8.3.9 Management of Hazardous Waste at New Land Disposal Restrictions 8.3.10 Land Disposal Restrictions 8.3.1 1 H
13、azardous Waste Program 91 91 92 93 94 95 95 95 96 96 97 97 8.4 Toxic Substances Control Act 98 8.5 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 99 8.6 Regulatory Annotations from the General Literature 100 REFERENCES 103 TABLE 1 REFINERY GROUNDWATER AND SUBSURFACE OUT
14、LINE PUBL 800-88 I 0732270 OOLb08b o r LITERATURE SURVEYt SUBSURFACE AND GROUNDWATER PROTECTION RELATED TO PETROLEUM REFINERY OPERATIONS 1.0 INTRODUCTION This report is the principal product of a study under contract to the American Petroleum Institute (API) to prepare the background basis for devel
15、opment of a series of monographs on subsurface and groundwater protection at petroleum refineries. The study was designed to determine by a literature search. what information has been published relating to the impact of petroleum refinery operations on subsurface soils and on groundwater with speci
16、al reference to potential contamination problems. The study addresses this overall objective in the following phases: 1. Conducting a detailed li terature search for existing publications, reports, papers, etc. that address specific topics enumerated in the initial outline prepared by the API (Table
17、 1). 2. Preparation of an annotated bibliography for each pertinent li terature citation based upon a review of the publications. Supplying copies of the literature cited in the annotated bibliography. 3. 4. Identifying topics for which no literature could be found and additional topics identified d
18、uring the study for which literature is available and which are pertinent to refinery groundwater and subsurface soil considerations. In accordance with the objectives of the study, this report contains: (I) an explanation of how the literature search was .conducted, (2) annotations for pertinent ar
19、ticles, (3) a list of references including articles annotated and articles reviewed but not annotated, (4) a discussion of applicable Federal Statutes and Regulations, and annotations for pertinent regulatory programs under the five principal statutes that apply to petroleum refinery operations, and
20、 (5) a discussion of elements of the Refinery Groundwater and Subsurface Outline for which few or no references were found. 1 With respect to Item 4, the principal area in which the literature is notably deficient is low toxicity inorganic wastes produced at refineries. Other than textbook and manua
21、l coverages, the literature search yielded few references to common refinery contaminants of low toxicity, such as sulphides, chloride, phenols and nitrogen compounds, and spent acids and alkalis. Although these compounds make up the bulk of potential pollutants from refineries, they are handled rou
22、tinely in wastewater treatment systems and are not generally perceived by the public or regulators as posing severe problems requiring remediation. This tolerant perception is likely to change, however, especially with respect to phenol compounds. Phenol, for example, is classed a hazardous chemical
23、 and was included in the list of priority pollutants under Section 110 of SARA (Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act), which may require regulation under the Safe Drinking Water Act. The federal water qualify criteria for carcinogenic risk at the 10-5 level is 3.5 ug/l for phenol. Furthermor
24、e, at least 23 states include phenol in Water Quality Standards or Criteria for protection of aquatic life. Liquid effluents generally are treated by physical separation of oily components, chemical flocculation, and biological. treatment (including biooxidation, trickling filters, or activated slud
25、ge treatment). The cleaned water, containing dissolved inorganic matter generally is discharged to surface waters, leaving a residue of organic and inorganic sludge consisting of mineral particles, recalcitrant organic compounds, and metals (mainly chromium, lead, and zinc). The sludge is commonly d
26、isposed of by land farming, which allows further biodegradation of recalcitrant organics including polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Solid refinery wastes comprise a wide range of materials in addition to sludges, including spent metal catalysts, treatment clays, filter cake, ash, silt, etc.
27、 Some of these materials, such as spent metal catalysts, have value and, therefore, are recycled. However, most other solids have little salvage value, and if nonhazardous are disposed of mainly as landfill. Information on the treatment and disposal of inorganic liquid and solid waste is scattered t
28、hroughout the sanitary engineering literature and commonly is not identified as refinery or petroleum industry waste. Searching the literature for 2 PUB1 800-88 I0732290 0016088 4 r references only indirectly applicable to impacts of petroleum refining on groundwater would not be cost-effective in v
29、iew of the ready availability of information on industrial waste treatment in textbooks and manuals. 2.0 THE LITERATURE SEARCH The information needed for this project was obtained from computer and manual searches of the principal data bases relating to petroleum refining and groundwater. These were
30、 the API Central Abstracting and Indexing Service (CAIS) Data Base, the CAS ONLINE System of the American Chemical Society, the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), and Ground-Water On-Line, the National Ground Water Information Center Data of the National Water Well Association. Manual se
31、arching of conference proceedings and published li terature searches was employed to supplement the computer search, and as a quality check on the computerized data systems. 2.1 Computer Search Carrying out a computer search required that a descriptor list be compiled that would lead to printouts of
32、 appropriate references without overwhelming the searcher with great masses of irrelevant material. It was found necessary to adapt this basic list to fit specific data systems, which have a thesaurus of terms that must be used to access their system. The several data bases provided access to severa
33、l hundred thousand references. CAS ONLINE, for example, draws upon 12,000 scientific and technical journals published in 140 nations, The computer searches yielded a total of 559 citations. Review of these citations indicated that 117 merited follow-up, after exclusion of foreign language sources, n
34、ews magazine citations, redundancy and citations not appropriate to the project. 2.2 Manual Search . As many citations were to proceedings of conferences addressed to petroleum releases to groundwater, and to published literature searches on various 3 PUBL 800-BB 0732290 00Lb089 br aspects of these
35、topics, these sources were scanned directly for additional citations. In this fashion, a target list of 1,375 citations to articles in English and pertinent to petroleum and groundwater contamination was compiled, which includes the 117 citations from the computer searches, The list includes such di
36、verse topics as: gasoline spills from pipelines and service stations, land farming of refinery wastes, prevention and detection of tank leaks, biodegradation of hydrocarbons in the unsaturated zone, and management of hydrocarbon vapors in the subsurface, to name but a few. Although the majority of r
37、eferences annotated are not specific to refinery properties, essentially all are deemed to have at least some transfer value to refinery operations as related to ground water. 3.0 ANNOTATION PROCESS Annotations were prepared following review of the subject document. They contain a brief description
38、as appropriate to the authors approach, followed by a summary of the principal conclusions. In a small percentage (less than 10 percent) of the articles, the authors abstract was suitable for use without material modification. However, in general, authors abstracts failed to describe the approach, a
39、nd/or were not explicit about results. The annotations are arranged alphabetically within four sections corresponding to the principal topic headings of the Groundwater and Subsurface Outline (Table I); namely, prevention, detection and assessment, containment and cleanup, and regulatory background.
40、 Articles that spanned more than a single topic were classified according to the principal focus. Of the 111 articles annotated, 41 percent were classified as containment and cleanup, 29 percent as prevention (including equipment and operating practices), 26 percent as detection and assessment, and
41、4 percent as regulatory background. The regulatory component has been augmented by annotations to Federal statutes and regulations. In considering the breakdown shown above, it is well to keep in mind that some bias is built into the classification of containment and cleanup as compared to detection
42、, because all descriptions of cleanups necessarily involve an element of detection of a problem before cleanup is undertaken and monitoring of the results. The same sort of overlap, however, does not apply to the other categories. 4 PUBL BOO-8 4.0 PREVENTION ANNOTATIONS Annotations grouped under the
43、 heading Prevention lend themselves to a three-way subdivision into: (1) operational manuals, (2) articles describing ways of preventing groundwater contamination, and (3) land farming as a means of disposal of oil wastes, generally limited to refineries because of scale. In each subdivision some an
44、notations are specific to refinery operations, some apply industry-wide, while some are specific to service station or petroleum transport and storage facilities. The latter group have been annotated because of their possible transfer value to refinery operations. Manuals annotated include that of A
45、PI on Disposal of Refinery Wastes, and the New York State “Recommended Practices for Underground Petroleum Storage“, “Recommended Practices for Aboveground Storage of Petroleum Products“ and “Technology for the Storage of Hazardous Liquids: A State of the Art Reviewf1 which apply to all aspects of t
46、he industry including refineries. APIs “Recommended Practices for Bulk Liquid Stock Control at Retail Outlets“ was annotated because stock control may apply to refinery operations as a means of avoiding groundwater contamination. Of annotations on preventing groundwater contamination, five, by Blokk
47、er (1971), Ceraghty and Miller (1980) and (1980), Knowlton (1985), and Thompson and Kuhlthau (1980) were specific to refineries. Five annotations applied to the petroleum industry generally and focused mainly on prevention and detection of underground tank leaks as a means of avoiding groundwater Co
48、ntamination, but included also articles on training of personnel, underground tank-spill risk analysis, and application of hydraulic protection methods to alleviating contamination hazards. Land treatment is widely applied at refineries for disposal of organic waste in a way that poses minimal threa
49、t to groundwater supplies. Accordingly, several annotations deal with various aspects of land treatment of wastes. All the annotations can be considered as directly applicable to refinery operations because wastes generated elsewhere in petroleum operations generally do not justify the scale required for land treatment of oily wastes, API Pub. No. 4379 (1984) and Pal and Overcash (1980) present general overviews of land-treatment methods and their 5 PUBL 0732240 00LbOL Y effectiveness. Several articles, including Bosser t et al (1984), Sims and Overcash (19831, Weldon (19791, Streeb
