1、Water Management and Stewardship in Midstream, Downstream, and Delivery Operations in the Oil and Gas IndustryAPI PUBLICATION 4783 DECEMBER 2016Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and
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9、shing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2016 American Petroleum InstituteForewordNothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by
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11、ld” denotes a recommendation or that which is advised but not required in order to conform to the specification.May: As used in a standard, “may” denotes a course of action permissible within the limits of a standard.Can: As used in a standard, “can” denotes a statement of possibility or capability.
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14、e addressed to the director.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202
15、) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.iiiContentsPageExecutive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16、 . . . . vi1 Scope and Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Abbreviations and Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17、. . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Water Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.2 Midstream. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.3 Downstream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.4 Delivery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Regulatio
20、n of Water Management in Downstream, Midstream, and Delivery Operations in the Oil and Gas Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174.1 Activities Subject to Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174.2 Delegation of Regulatory Authority in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184.3 U.S. Federal Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Industry-led Water Stewardship Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255.2 Industry Standards Related to Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265.3 Industry-Sponsored Rese
24、arch and Development Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265.4 Voluntary Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Oil and Gas Industry Water
25、 Footprint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296.2
26、 Water Use in Midstream, Downstream, and Delivery Phases of the Oil Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306.3 Water Use in Midstream, Downstream, and Delivery Phases of the Gas Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Comparison of Oil and Gas Industry Water Use . . . . . . . . .
27、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317.1 The WaterEnergy Nexus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317.2 Comparison with other Industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Annex A (informative) Diagram of the Midstre
29、am, Downstream, and Delivery Phases of the Oil and Gas Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Annex B (informative) States with Delegated Authority by USEPA for State NPDES Progr
30、am . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Figures1 Petroleum Life Cycle and Scope of Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Midstream Activities by Petroleum Resource Type . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Typical Water Use and Management in Midstream Oil Terminal Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Typical Water Use and Management in Midstream Gas Processing Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
33、Downstream Activities by Petroleum Resource Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Water Use and Management Simplified Schematic in a Typical Refinery (with Closed Circuit Cooling) Water System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Water Use and Management in the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Delivery Activities by Petroleum Resource Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35、 . . . 169 Water Use and Management in Delivery of Refined Oil Products to End Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17vContentsPage10 Water Use and Management in Delivery of Natural Gas and LNG to End Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1811 Water Footprint of Midstream, Downstream,
36、 and Delivery Phases of the Oil Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3012 Gas Life Cycle Water Footprint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3113 Water Consumption in Billions of Gallons per Day by Energy Sector Othe
37、r than Biofuels (Elcock 2008) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3314 Water Intensity of Transportation Fuels (King and Webber, 2008a and 2008b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、3415 Projected Water Consumption for Energy Production Sectors, 2005-2030 (Elcock 2010). . . . . . . . . . . . 3516 Trends in Estimated Water Use in the United States, 1950-2010 (Maupin 2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3617 Top 15 States With Significant Percentage of Jobs in Oil and Ga
39、s Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Tables1 Water Sources and Quality for Downstream Oil Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Water Sources and Quality for Downstream Liquefied Natural Gas Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、. . . . . . 143 Examples of Applicable Water Regulations for Midstream, Downstream, and Delivery in the Oil and Gas Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Industry-developed Standards Gove
41、rning Water Management and Stewardship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Examples of Industry-Sponsored Research and Development Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Water Use Efficiency by Raw Fuel Source Range of Gallons of Water Used per MMBtu of Energy Produced
42、(Mantell 2009) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Total Operational and Capital Investment Impacts of the Oil and Natural Gas Industry on the US Economy, 2011 (PricewaterhouseCoopers 2013) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43、. . . . . . . 37Executive SummaryThe oil and gas industry has significant connections to the water environment. Water is beneficially used, consumed, generated, reused, recycled, and disposed of over the life cycle of an oil and gas resource. The degree and impact of these connections vary with the
44、nature and location of the resource and the methods of extracting and converting that resource into valuable end products.This report uses the oil and gas (petroleum) life cycle represented in Figure ES.1 as an organizing framework for explanation and discussion. As depicted in Figure ES.1, the scop
45、e of this study is focused on the midstream, downstream, and delivery components of the oil and gas life cycle. Upstream components of the life cycle will be addressed in a future report.This study describes water use, management, and stewardship practices, the existing regulatory framework, quantit
46、ative water footprint information, and comparison of water use to other industry and societal uses.Water UseWater is used throughout the midstream, downstream, and delivery phases of the oil and gas life cycle. The most significant of these uses, however, is for oil refining. The raw material of the
47、 petroleum refining industry is petroleum material such as crude oil. Petroleum refineries process this raw material into a wide variety of petroleum products, including gasoline, fuel oil, jet fuel, heating oils and gases, and petrochemicals. Petroleum refining includes a wide range of physical sep
48、aration and chemical reaction processes.Water use in gas processing, oil and gas transmission (midstream) and oil and gas delivery phases is negligible compared to the amount of water required for oil refining. Therefore, this section focuses on water use in oil refining. In petroleum refineries, wa
49、ter is vital for many applications including crude desalting, scrubbing, cooling, steam production, utility water, fire protection, and more. Refineries depend on uninterrupted and sustainable water supplies to maintain production and safety. Refineries also generate wastewaters which are typically reused or discharged to the environment (mainly fresh and marine water bodies) after the appropriate level of treatment to meet regulated discharge limits. These limits vary from one location to another. In ecologically sensitive areas, a higher degree of effluent treatment may be required to a
