1、Preparation and Testing of Foamed Cement Formulations at Atmospheric PressureAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 10B-4 SECOND EDITION, OCTOBER 2015Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulat
2、ions should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any liab
3、ility or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights.A
4、PI publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly d
5、isclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating pract
6、ices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any ma
7、nufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable A
8、PI standard.Users of this recommended practice should not rely exclusively on the information contained in this standard. Sound business, scientific, engineering, and safety judgment should be used in employing the information contained herein.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reprodu
9、ced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2015 Ameri
10、can Petroleum InstituteForewordNothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be con
11、strued as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.The verbal forms used to express the provisions in this recommended practice are as follows: the term “shall” denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the recommended practice; the term “should” denotes a reco
12、mmendation or that which is advised but not required in order to conform to the recommended practice; the term “may” is used to express permission or a provision that is optional; and the term “can” is used to express possibility or capability.Informative elements: As used in a standard, “informativ
13、e” denotes elements that: identify the standard, introduce its content, and explain its background, development, and its relationship with other standards; or provide additional information intended to assist the understanding or use of the standard.Normative elements: As used in a standard, “normat
14、ive” denotes elements that describe the scope of the standard and that set out provisions that are required to implement the standard.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated
15、as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW, W
16、ashington, DC 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two ye
17、ars may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and shoul
18、d be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Nor
19、mative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Terms, Definitions, and Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、. . . . 13.1 Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Sampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.2 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Slurry Calculations . . . . . . .
23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、 45.2 Calculation of Base Cement Slurry Composition With and Without Surfactant(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.3 Determination of Slurry Volume and Mass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Base Cement Slurry Preparati
25、on and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.2 Conditi
26、oning Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.3 Density Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、. . . . . . 96.4 Stability of Unfoamed Base Cement Slurry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.5 Determination of Rheological Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . 96.6 Determination of Static Fluid Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.7 Determination of Thickening Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、 . . . . . . . . . 106.8 Determination of Compressive Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.9 Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Preparation of Foamed Cement Slurry at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.1 Unfoamed Base Cement Slurry Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、 . . . . 107.2 Blending Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117.3 Generation of a Foamed Cement Slurry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、 . . . . . . . . . . 128 Atmospheric Testing of Foamed Cement Slurries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148.2 Determination of Foamed Cement Slurry Density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148.3 Determination of Foamed Cement Slurry Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、. . . . . . . . 148.4 Determination of Compressive Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Annex A (informative) Nitrogen Density, N2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35、. . . . . . . . 21Annex B (informative) NitrogenA Real Gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Annex C (informative) Nitrogen Compressibility Factor, Z (Dimensionless) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30A
36、nnex D (informative) Example Calculations for the Preparation of Foamed Cement Slurry at Atmospheric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40vContentsPageFigures1 Blending Container and Multi-blade Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Example of Curi
38、ng Mold for Evaluation of Foamed Cement Slurry Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Evaluation Report Form: Foamed Cement Slurry Stability at Temperature 90 C (194 F) . . . . . . . . . . 20TablesA.1 Nitrogen Density (kg/m3) from Temperature and Absolute Pressure in SI Units .
39、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22A.2 Nitrogen Density (lbm/gal) from Temperature and Absolute Pressure in USC Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25C.1 Nitrogen Compressibility Factor from Temperature and Absolute Pressure in SI Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31C.2 Nitrogen Compressibility F
40、actor from Temperature and Absolute Pressure in USC Units . . . . . . . . . . . 34vi1Preparation and Testing of Foamed Cement Formulations at Atmospheric Pressure1 ScopeThis standard defines the test methods including the generation of unfoamed base and their corresponding foamed cement slurries at
41、atmospheric pressure. These procedures are developed for foaming cement slurries with air, at atmospheric conditions, which could mimic a foam quality experienced with nitrogen at downhole conditions; they may be modified to accommodate other gases such as nitrogen. Slurries that are foamed with nit
42、rogen, and their properties, will also be discussed within this standard as they are relevant to the scope of the standard. This standard does not address testing at pressures above atmospheric conditions, nor does this standard include or consider the effects of nitrogen solubility in the nitrogen
43、fraction calculations.2 Normative ReferencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Howev
44、er, not all documents listed may apply to your specific needs. The body of the standard should be referred to for how these documents are specifically applied. For a list of other standards associated with this standard, see the Bibliography.API Recommended Practice 10B-2, Recommended Practice for T
45、esting Well CementsAPI Recommended Practice 10B-3, Recommended Practice on Testing of Deepwater Well Cement Formulations3 Terms, Definitions, and Symbols3.1 Terms and DefinitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply.3.1.1 additiveMaterial added to a cement slurry to modi
46、fy or enhance some desired property.3.1.2 batch mixingProcess of mixing and holding a volume of cement slurry prior to placement in the wellbore.3.1.3 cementPortland cementMaterial formed by the grinding of clinker, generally consisting of hydraulic calcium silicates and aluminates and usually conta
47、ining one or more of the forms of calcium sulfate added during grinding.3.1.4 compatibilityCapacity to form a fluid mixture that does not undergo undesirable chemical and/or physical reactions.3.1.5 compressive strengthStrength of a set cement sample measured by the force required to cause it to fai
48、l in compression, expressed as force per unit area.2 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 10B-43.1.6 consistometerDevice used to measure the thickening time of a cement slurry at specified temperature and pressure.NOTE An atmospheric consistometer can be used to condition fluids prior to testing and for determi
49、ning the thickening time of arctic slurries.3.1.7 foamed cementCement slurry containing a stable gas fraction (typically nitrogen) well dispersed and entrained within the slurry.3.1.8 free fluidColored or colorless liquid that has separated from a cement slurry when standing in a static condition.3.1.9 nitrogen fractionVolume percent nitrogen within a volume of foamed cement slurry, commonly referred to as foam quality.NOTE In the laboratory the nitrogen fraction will typically be created with air. Nitrogen fraction is a function of temperature and pressure and thus can vary wid
