1、Guidelines for Onshore Hydrocarbon Pipelines Affecting High Consequence Floodplains API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1133 FIRST EDITION, FEBRUARY 2005 REAFFIRMED, FEBRUARY 2010Guidelines for Onshore Hydrocarbon Pipelines Affecting High Consequence Floodplains Downstream Segment API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1133
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16、api.org.iii CONTENTSPage1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 DEFINITIONS
17、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 DESIGN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4.1 Route Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4.2 Construction Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4.3 Material Specications for Trenched and Drilled Crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4.4 Valves .
19、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5 CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5.1 Environmental Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5.2 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5.3 Selecting a Contractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、. . . 6 5.4 Accessibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5.5 Pipe Handling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5.6 Space Considerations. . . . . . . .
22、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5.7 Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5.8 Inspection and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5.9 As-built Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5.10 Site Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5.11 Construction Compl
24、etion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6 OPERATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6.1 System Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6.2 Pipeline Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 6.3 Emergency Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 6.4 Resto
26、ration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7M AINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7.1 Mitigation of Exposures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7.2 Abandonment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9v 1Guidelines for Onshore Hydrocarbon Pipelines Affecting High Consequence Floodplains 1 ScopeThis recommended practi
28、ce (RP) sets out criteria for the design, construction, operation, maintenance and abandon- ment of onshore pipelines that could affect high consequence oodplains and associated commercially navigable water- ways. This RP applies only to steel pipelines that transport gas, hazardous liquids, alcohol
29、s or carbon dioxide. The design, construction, inspection and testing provisions of this RP should not apply to pipelines that were designed or installed prior to the latest revision of this publication. The operation and maintenance provisions of this RP should apply to existing facilities. The con
30、tents in this RP should not be considered a xed rule for application without regard to sound engineering judgment.2 ReferencesThe following codes, standards, practices, specications and publications are incorporated in this RP. API Spec 6DPipeline Valves (Gate, Plug, Ball, and Check V alves)Std 1104
31、Welding of Pipelines and Related FacilitiesRP 1109Marking Liquid Petroleum Pipeline FacilitiesRP 1110Pressure Testing of Steel Pipelines for the Transportation of Gas, Petroleum Gas, Hazardous Liquids or CO2RP 1117Movement of In-service PipelinesAGA1AGA Submarine Pipeline On-bottom Stability Analysi
32、s and Design GuidelinesASCE289Pipeline Crossings Handbook American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Pipeline Rules of Thumb Handbook, published by Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, ASME3B31.4Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other LiquidsB31.8Gas Transmission and Distribut
33、ion Piping SystemsAW S4D1.1Structural Welding CodeNACE5DOT RSPAPipeline Safety Regulations 49 Code of Federal RegulationsPart 192 49 Code of Federal RegulationsPart 194 49 Code of Federal RegulationsPart 195 NASTT6Guidelines for a Successful Directional Crossing Bid Package, 1996 OSHA729Code of Fede
34、ral RegulationsPart 1926.650 through 1926.652 (Trenching and Shoring Code Only) PRCI8Installation of Pipelines by Horizontal Directional Drilling(PRCI no. PR-227-9424)Water-crossing Design and Installation Manual, developed for AGA (PRCI no. PR-237-9428)Offshore and Onshore Design Application (PRCI
35、no. PR- 170-9522)Design Appli- cation L51767, Integrity Assessment of Exposed/Unburied Pipe in River; Design Application L51768, Pipeline Free Span Design3 DenitionsFor the purposes of this publication, the following deni- tions apply:3.1 abandonment:Permanently removing a pipeline from service.1Ame
36、rican Gas Association, 400 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 450, Washington, D.C. 20001.www.aga.org2American Society of Civil Engineers, 1801 Alexander Bell Dr., Reston, Virginia 20191. www.asce.org3ASME International, 3 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10016- 5990. www.asme.org4American Welding Society, 55
37、0 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Flor- ida 33126. www.aws.org5NACE International (formerly the National Association of Corro- sion Engineers), 1440 South Creek Drive, P.O. Box 218340, Houston, Texas 77218-8340. www.nace.org6North American Society for Trenchless Technology, 1655 N Ft. Myer Drive, Suite 70
38、0, Arlington, Virginia 22209. www.nastt.org7U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Admin- istration, 200 Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20210. www.osha.gov. Note: OSHA Regulations are posted on, and can be downloaded from, the OSHA web site.8Pipeline Research Council Internat
39、ional, Inc., 1401 Wilson Boule- vard, Suite 1101, Arlington, Virginia, 22209. www.prci.org 2 API RECOMMENDEDPRACTICE11333.2 buoyancy:The tendency of an object to rise when submerged within a uid.3.3 carbon dioxide (CO2): A uid consisting of more than 90% carbon dioxide molecules compressed to a supe
40、r- critical state.3.4 clamshell:An excavator which consists of a dredging bucket with two hinged, jaw-like pieces.3.5 cofferdam: A temporary structure built around a site to permit construction in (relatively) dry conditions.3.6 cribbing:A temporary structure to support a pipeline and/or its compone
41、nts.3.7 cuttings:A mixture of drilling mud and soil that is generated during drilling operations.3.8 erosion: The wearing away of soil or other material by the action of water or other agents.3.9 oodplain:The area adjacent to a watercourse that may be submerged by oodwaters. 3.10 gabions: Steel wire
42、 mesh baskets lled with stone used to prevent erosion. 3.11 gas:Natural gas, ammable gas, or gas which is toxic or corrosive.3.12 geology:A science that deals with the surface and subsurface features of the earth (i.e., topography, bodies of water, watercourses, subsoil formations and character). 3.
43、13 hazardous liquid:Petroleum, petroleum products, or anhydrous ammonia.3.14 high consequence oodplain: A oodplain adja- cent to a waterway used in commercial navigation.3.15 holiday:A discontinuity in the coating.3.16 hydrocarbon pipeline: Pipelines used for the transportation of natural and other
44、gases, hazardous liquids, carbon dioxide and alcohols. 3.17 hydrology:The science dealing with the properties, distribution and circulation of water on the surface of the land, in the soil and in the atmosphere.3.18 jeep:A method of inspecting pipe surface coatings for holidays, also known as holida
45、y detection.3.19 matting:Installing wood planks, or other material in an effort to stabilize a work area or route of ingress/egress.3.20 meanders:A channel pattern characterized by a series of pronounced alternating bends formed by stream pro- cesses.3.21 microtunneling:A remotely controlled, guided
46、, pipe jacking process that provides continuous support to the excavation face.3.22 onshore:The area landward of the established coastline in direct contact with the open sea, and landward of the line marking the seaward limit of inland coastal waters.3.23 riprap:A permanent, erosion-resistant groun
47、d cover of large, loose singular stone installed wherever soil condi- tions, water turbulence and velocity, expected vegetative cover, etc., are such that soil may erode under design ow conditions.3.24 scour:To abrade or wear away, as in the wearing away of a stream bed or surface by the erosive act
48、ion of ow- ing water.3.25 silt fence:Specically designed synthetic fabrics or other materials fastened on supporting posts, which are designed to efciently control and trap sediment runoff.3.26 subsidence: Act of sinking, settling or downward movement 3.27 thalweg:The line following the deepest part
49、 of the streambed.3.28 trenched crossing: Method of installing pipe by which access is gained to the required elevation by excavating an open cut. After placing the pipeline, the excavation is then backlled and the surface restored.3.29 watercourse: A natural or man-made channel through which water ows or accumulates (i.e., streambeds, creeks, rivers, lakes, ponds, oodplains, etc.).4 Design4.1 ROUTE SELECTION 4.1.1 GeneralWhen high consequence oodplains cannot be avoided in the planning stage of a new pipeline route, analysis of the crossing should consider avai
