1、Managing Hydrotechnical Hazards for Pipelines Located Onshore or Within Coastal Zone Areas API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1133SECOND EDITION, DECEMBER 2017Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local,state, and federal laws
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16、005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Terms, Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.1 Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Overview of Hydrology and Hydrotechnical Hazards at Onshore and Coa
19、stal Zone Pipelines . . . . . . . . 94.1 Riverine Hydrology and Fluvial Geomorphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.2 Riverine Hydrotechnical Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104.3 Coastal Zone Hydrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164.4 Coastal Hydrotechnical Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Overview of Hydrotechnical Damage Mechanisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195.1 Hydrodynamic Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205.2 Debris Impact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215.3 Vortex-Induced Fatigue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215.4 Third Party Damage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235.5 Dead Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Operations of Existing Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246.1 Inventory Development/Inventory U
25、pdate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256.2 Filtering and Prioritization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266.3 Data Gathering/Review/I
26、ntegration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296.4 Risk Assessment and Ranking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336.5 Mitigation . .
27、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336.6 Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . 386.7 Program Evaluation and Improvement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Design and Construction Considerations for New Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、. 437.1 Permitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437.2 Environmental Impact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437.3 Community Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447.4 Contingency Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447.5 Inspection and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447.6 As-Built Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447.7 Site Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447.8 Construction Completion . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 Pipeline Abandonment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45vContentsPageAnnex A
34、 (informative) Data Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Annex B (informative) Flood Timing, Duration, Magnitude, and Variability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Annex C (informativ
35、e) Flood Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Annex D (informative) Example Scour and Erosion Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Annex E (informative) Example
36、Calculations of Allowable Unsupported Span Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Annex F (informative) Examples of Select Engineering Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Figures1 Streambed Profiles from the Rio Grande River at Albuquerque, NM, between April 5 and June 28, 1948 Illustrating Temporary Scour and Fill (after USGS Open File Report 1967). . . . . . . . 112 S
38、treambed Profiles from the Missouri River at St. Charles, MO, between June 18 and 19, 2002 Illustrating Dune Scour (after USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5091) . . . . . . . 123 Streambed Profiles from the Arkansas River at Arkansas City, KS, between June 2 and August 31, 1948 Illustratin
39、g Local Scour and Fill around Bridge Piers (after USGS Open File Report 1967) . . . . . . 134 Schematic of Ice Jam Scour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 2013 Aerial Photograph of the Leaf River, MS Illus
40、trating Significant Bank Erosion and Channel Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Time Series of Aerial Photography from April 1998 through November 2013 of the Wabash River, IN, Documentin
41、g the Development of a Channel Avulsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Map Illustrating State of Louisiana Coastal Zone Boundary (Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, 2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 2014 Aerial Photograph
42、 of the Louisiana Shoreline South of Lake Charles, LA Illustrating Significant Shoreline Retreat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Map of Southeastern Louisiana Illustrating Historic and Projected Land Loss between 1932 and 20
43、50 Highlighted in Red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2010 Example of Bank Erosion as a Source of In-channel Woody Debris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2111 Schematic of Vortex-induced Vib
44、rations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2212 Example of Allowable and Actual Unsupported Span Length vs Water Velocity for VIV Damage Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2213 Example of Engineered Span Supported by H-braces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2314 Example of Debris Loading on Pipeline Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46、 . . . . . . . . . 2415 Example Waterway Integrity Management Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2516 Schematic of Initial Filtering Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47、. . . . . 2717 Example Process Flow Chart for Pipeline Filtering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2718 Simplified Depiction of Risk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48、 . . . . . 34A.1 Example Short Range River Level and Discharge Forecasts Provided by NOAA (USGS Stream Gauge at Two Rivers River at Hallock, MNgauge No. 05095000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50A.2 Example Long-range Flood Risk Forecast Provided by NOAA (USGS Stream
49、Gaugeat North Platte River at Lewellen, NBGauge No. 06687500) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50A.3 Example Map Illustrating Location of North American Snotel Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51B.1 Typical Long Duration Snowmelt Hydrograph (Data Collected by the USGS at the Yellowstone River at Billings, MT Stream gaugegauge No. 06214500) and Short Duration Rainfall Hydrograph (Data Collected by the USGS at the Colorado River at Bastrop, TX Stream Gaugegauge No. 08159200). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
