1、Training and Qualification of Drilling Fluid TechnologistsAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 13LSECOND EDITION, NOVEMBER 2017Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local,state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewe
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15、nually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW,Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Terms, Definitions, and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . .
17、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.1 Terms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2 Abbreviated Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . .
19、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.1 Construction of the Recommended Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.2 Basic Industry Standards Us
20、ed for Generic Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.3 Core Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.4 Advanced Skills. . . . . .
21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、 . 27Tables1 Rotary Rig Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Rock Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Drilling Fluids Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Water-based Drilling Fluids General Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Water-based Fluids Physical Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Water-based Fluids Chemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Clay Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Polymer Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 General Knowledge: Non-aqueous Drilling Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1110 Non-aqueous Drilling Fluids Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1211 Oilfield Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1212 Rheology and Hydraulics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1313 Running Casing/Liner and Cementing Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1414 Lost Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1515 Wellbore Stability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1516 Stuck Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1617 Daily Drilling Fluid Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1618 End
31、of Well Report and Capturing Lessons Learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1719 Logistics and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1720 Surface C
32、hemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1821 Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . 1922 Deepwater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1923 High Temperature High Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2224 Sand-faced Completions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2325 High-angle Wells, Extended Reach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25vIntroductionThe professional discipline of Petroleum Engineering is divided into subdisciplines in which technical expertise isrequired. One subdiscipline deals with fluids that are essential to many petroleum and natural gas exploration andpro
36、duction operationsthe subject of this recommended practice. For the purpose of this document, fluids include: drilling fluids, completion fluids, and solids control applications.Fluids expertise requires knowledge and skills in both engineering and chemistry. These specialized operations maynot alwa
37、ys be covered in depth by the colleges and universities that have petroleum engineering curricula. Individualswith technical degrees or degrees in science or engineering are well suited to be fluids professionals, althoughrequired knowledge can be gained by industry classroom and/or on-the-job train
38、ing. Whether entering thesubdiscipline without a formal degree as a drilling fluids technologist, or with a formal degree as a drilling fluidsengineer, the skills necessary to perform duties at the rig site are gained by a combination of formal training andpractical experience.This recommended pract
39、ice is set out in two parts. The first part addresses the core skills that a fluids technologist ordrilling fluids engineer should possess. The second part addresses more advanced skills that are required to work oncomplex wells.This recommended practice is not intended to establish certification pr
40、ocedures for drilling fluids personnel, but is tobe used for general guidance in evaluating training processes and evaluating the professional acceptability of drillingfluid technologists. API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by theInstitute to assure
41、the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes norepresentation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liabilityor responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any fe
42、deral, state, or municipalregulation with which this publication may conflict.Training and Qualification of Drilling Fluid Technologists Scope 1This standard is written in two parts. The first part is a summary of basic training and knowledge that an employee or contractor shall possess in order to
43、be identified as a rig site drilling fluids technologist or rig site drilling fluids engineer. The first part covers basic skills as would be taught in an entry-level fluids school program. The second part covers a set of advanced skills that will be required in order to support complex wells at the
44、 rig site. Levels of understanding for both core and advanced skills have been generally outlined but not totally defined. Normative References 2The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undate
45、d references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. API Specification 13A, Specification for Drilling Fluid Materials API Recommended Practice 13B-1, Recommended Practice for Field Testing of Water-based Drilling Fluids API Recommended Practice 13B-2, Reco
46、mmended Practice for Field Testing of Oil-based Drilling Fluids Terms, Definitions, and Abbreviations 3Terms and Definitions 3.13.1.1 breadth The basic knowledge common to all areas of drilling fluids technology needed by all drilling fluids technologists to demonstrate minimum competency. 3.1.2 dri
47、lling fluids engineer A drilling fluids technologist with an engineering, geoscience, or other appropriate science discipline degree from an accredited university. 3.1.3 drilling fluids technologist An individual with specialized knowledge of the application of drilling fluids during the drilling op
48、eration. 3.1.4 drilling fluids technician An individual skilled in the art of testing drilling fluids in the field or the laboratory. Abbreviated Terms 3.2API American Petroleum Institute 2 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 13L BOP blowout preventer CEC cation exchange capacity ECD equivalent circulating den
49、sity EOWR end of well report ESD equivalent static density HGS high gravity solids HSE health, safety, and environment HTHP high temperature, high pressure LCM lost circulation material LGS low gravity solids MBT methylene blue test Mfmethyl orange alkalinity of the filtrate NAF non-aqueous fluid NPT non-productive time OWR oil/water ratio Pm phenolphthalein alkalinity of the mud (drilling fluid) Pf phenolphthalein alkalinity of the filtrate PPE personal protective equipment PPT particle plugging test PV plastic viscosity expressed in centipoise (millipascal-second) (1 cP = 1 mPa
