1、REAFFIRMED, JULY 2004390 Ob15533 928 m-, Electrical Installations in Petroleum Processing Plants Downstream Segment API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 540 FOURTH EDITION, APRIL 1999 American Petroleum Institute Helping You Get The Job Done Rght.SM SPECIAL NOTES API publications necessarily address problems of
2、 a general nature. With respect to partic- ular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed. API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers to warn and properly train and equip their employees, and others exposed, concerning h
3、ealth and safety lisks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations under local, state, or fed- eral laws. Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precautions with respect to par- ticular materials and conditions should be obtained from the employer, the manufacturer or suppl
4、ier of that material, or the material safety data sheet. Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or prod- uct covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contain
5、ed in the publication be con- strued as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent. Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. Sometimes a one-time extension of up to two years will be added to this review cycle. T
6、his publication will no longer be in effect five years after its publication date as an operative API standard or, where an extension has been granted, upon republication. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Downstream Segment telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publicat
7、ions and materials is published annually and updated quarterly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropri- ate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standa
8、rd. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this standard or com- ments and questions concerning the procedures under which this standard was developed should be directed in writing to the director of the Downstream Segment, American Petro- leum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Wash
9、ington, D.C. 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director. API standards are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineer- ing and operating practices. These standards ar
10、e not intended to obviate the need for apply- ing sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these standards should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API standards is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices. Any manufacturer marking equipment o
11、r materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such prod- ucts do in fact conform to the applicable API standard. . All rights re
12、served. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission jom the publishel: Contact the Publisher API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N. W, Washington
13、, D.C. 20005. Copyright O 1999 American Petroleum Institute L! FOREWORD This recommended practice provides information on electrical installations in petroleum facilities. It is intended for all individuals and organizations concerned with the safe design, installation, and operation of electrical s
14、ystems in petroleum facilities. This recommended practice has been developed by individuals with many years experi- ence in the petroleum industry. Although of interest to anyone seeking information on elec- trical systems in petroleum facilities, it is primarily intended to be used by individuals k
15、nowledgeable in engineering fundamentals who require specific guidance concerning cur- rently accepted practices in the petroleum industry. API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contain
16、ed in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with whi
17、ch this publication may conflict. Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the director of the Downstream Segment, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. iii IMPORTANT INFORMATION CONCERNING USE OF ASBESTOS OR ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS Asbestos is sp
18、ecified or referenced for certain components of the equipment described in some API standards. It has been of extreme usefulness in minimizing fire hazards associated with petroleum processing. It has also been a universal sealing material, compatible with most refining fluid services. Certain serio
19、us adverse health effects are associated with asbestos, among them the serious and often fatal diseases of lung cancr, asbestosis, and mesothelioma (a cancer of the chest and abdominal linings). The degree of exposure to asbestos varies with the prod- uct and the work practices involved. Consult the
20、 most recent edition of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Standard for Asbestos, Tremolite, Anthophyllite, and Actinolite, 29 Code of Federal Regulations Section 1910.1001; the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Nati
21、onal Emission Standard for Asbestos, 40 Code of Federal Regulations Sections 61.140 through 61.156; and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rule on labeling requirements and phased banning of asbestos products (Sections 763.160-179). There are currently in use and under development a numb
22、er of substitute materials to replace asbestos in certain applications. Manufacturers and users are encouraged to develop and use effective substitute materials that can meet the specifications for, and operating requirements of, the equipment to which they would apply. SAFETY AND HEALTH INFORMATION
23、 WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR PRODUCTS OR MATERTALS CAN BE OBTAINED FROM THE EMPLOYER, THE MANUFACTURER OR SUPPLIER OF THAT PRODUCT OR MATERIAL, OR THE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET. CONTENTS Page 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Purpose 1 1.2 Scope . 1 1.3 References . 1 2 CLASSIFED LOCATIONS OR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMEN
24、T. 5 2.1 Purpose 5 2.2 Scope 5 2.3 Classification of Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases . 5 2.4 Classification of Locations 5 2.5 Electrical Equipment for Classified Locations . 6 2.6 Alternative Design in Classified Locations 6 3 ELECTRICAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY 9 3.1 Purpose 9 3.2 Scope . 9 3
25、.3 The Role of Electrical Efficiency . 9 3.4 Definition of Efficiency . 9 3.5 Specification Considerations . 9 3.6 Economic Evaluation . 9 3.7 Cogeneration and Energy Recovery 10 3.8 Design Considerations . 12 3.9 Relationship to Power Factor 15 3.10 Definitions and Conversion Factors . 15 4 FACILIT
26、Y POWER SYSTEMS 17 4.2 Scope 17 4.3 Power Sources 17 4.5 Power System Arrangements 23 4.1 Purpose . 17 4.4 System Voltags 22 4.6 Power System Studies . 23 4.7 System Protection 26 4.8 Fuses . 27 4.9 Circuit Breakers 28 4.10 Switchgear 28 4.11 Transformers 29 4.12 Overhead Electric Power Distribution
27、 . 33 5 GROUNDING AND LIGHTNING PROTECTION 35 5.1 Purpose . 35 5.2 Scope 35 5.3 Static Electricity and Stray Currents 35 5.4 SystemGrounding 35 5.5 Eiquipment Grounding . 36 5.6 Connections to Earth 38 5.7 Lightning Protection 38 6 MOTORS AND CONTROLLERS 41 6.1 Purpose . 41 V Page 6.2 Scope 41 6.3 M
28、otor Rating and Efficiency 41 6.4 Relative Locations of Motors and Controllers 41 6.5 Frequencies 41 6.6 Standard Voltage for Motors 41 6.7 Motor Voltage Selection 41 6.8 Temperature and Altitude Considerations in Motor Applications . 42 6.9 Other Conditions Affecting Design and Application . 42 6.1
29、0 Types of Motor Construction 42 6.11 Installation 45 6.12 Construction of Totally Enclosed Motors 45 6.13 Motors for Class I Locations 46 6.14 Motors for Class II Locations . 47 6.15 Motor Service Factor 48 6.16 Frequency of Starting 48 6.17 Temperature. Vibration, and Current Indicators . 48 6.18
30、-Conduit or Terminal Box . 48 6.19 Space Heaters . L 48 6.20 Bearings and Lubrication . 49 6.21 Torque Requirements 50 6.22 Method of Starting 52 6.24 Application of Motor Control . 60 6.23 Motor Controllers . 55 6.25 Means of Disconnection . 61 6.26 Coordination of Controller Applications With Fuse
31、s or Circuit Breakers On Low-Voltage Systems . 61 6.27 Overload Protection: Special Applications . 62 6.28 Voltage Limitations . 62 6.29 Application of Outdoor and Indoor Types . 62 6.30 Pushbutton Stations . 62 6.3 1 Additional References . 63 7 LIGHTING 65 7.1 Purpose . 65 7.2 Scope 65 7.3 Definit
32、ion of Terms . 65 7.4 Lighting Facilities 65 7.5 Luminaires 70 7.6 Light Quality 71 7.7 nluminance 71 7.8 Installation Initial Values . 72 7.9 Lighting System Power Supply . 72 7.10 Emergency Lighting . 72 7.1 1 Design Considerations . 73 7.12 Estimating Electric Power Requirements . 73 7.13 Illumin
33、ance Meters . 74 8 WIRING . 75 8. 1 Purpose 75 8.2 Scope 75 8.3 General 75 8.4 Conduit Systems . 75 8.5 Electrical Metallic Tubing 79 i vi Page 8.6 Busways 79 8.7 Wireways . 79 8.8 Cable Trays . 80 8.9 Manholes and Above Grade Pull Points . 80 8.10 Wire and Cable . 81 8.11 Fireproofing . 85 9 POWER
34、SYSTEMS FOR INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL . . 87 9.1 Purpose . : . 87 9.2 Scope 87 9.3 Basic Design Criteria 87 9.4 Design Considerations . 87 9.5 Electric Power Systems 89 9.6 Distribution System . 90 9.7 Wiring Methods 92 9.8 System and Equipment Grounding . 92 9.9 Considerations for Classif
35、ied Locations . 92 10 SPECIALEQUIPMENT 93 10.1 Purpose 93 10.2 Scope . 93 10.3 General 93 10.4 Communication Systems 93 10.5 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Equipment (SCADA) 93 10.6 Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) 94 10.7 Obstruction and Warning Lighting . 94 10.8 Navigation Lighting 94 1
36、0.9 Fire Alarm Systems 94 10.10 Electric Heat Tracing . 94 10.1 1 Cathodic Protection Systems . 94 10.12 Desalters and Precipitators 94 1 O . 13 Portable Equipment 95 1 1 INHERENT ELECTRICAL SAFETY . 97 11.1 General . 97 11.2 References 97 11.3 Specifics . 97 APPENDIX A INFORMATIVE ANNEX A 99 Figure
37、s 1 Brayton Cogeneration Cycle 11 2 Carnot Topping Cycle . 11 3 System Energy Losses: Adjustable Speedversus Throttling . 14 4 Power Relationship . 15 5 Single Main Bus Arrangement 18 6 Unit Construction Bus Arrangement . 18 7 Synchronizing Bus Arrangement . 19 8 Purchased Power: Divided Feeder Oper
38、ation . 20 9 Purchased Power: Parallel Feeder Operation . 20 10 Simple Radial System . ; . 24 vi STD;API/PETRO RP 540 - ENGL J977 . 0732290 Ob Helical, Herring- bone, Straight Bevel, or Spiral Bevel Gears Canadian Electrical Code Specification for Rigid Steel Conduit, Zinc Coated Specification for R
39、igid Aluminum Conduit Electric Power Systems and Equipment Voltuge Ratings (60 Hz) Standard Test Method for Dielectric Break- down Voltage of Insulating Liquids Using Disk Electrodes Association of Edison Rluminating Companies, P.O. Box 2641, Birmingham, Alabama 35291. 2American Gear Manufacturers A
40、ssociation, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria, Virginia 22314. 3American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, New York 10018. 4American Society of Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428-2959. 5Canadian Standards Association, 178 Re
41、xdale Boulevard, Rexdale, Ontario M9W 1R3, Canada. EPA 40 CFR Part 76 1 IEEE7 Std 32 Std 80 Std 100 Std 141 I Std 142 Std 242 Std 399 Std 422 Std 446 Std 493 Std 5 15 Std 518 Std 519 Std 576 “Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Manu- facturing, . Processing, Distribution in Commerce,. and Use Prohibiti
42、ons” Standard Requirements, Terminology, and Test Procedures for Neutral Grounding Devices Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants (Red Book) Recommended Practice fo
43、r Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industriai and Commer- cial Power Systems puff Book) Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Analysis (Brown Book) Guide for the Design and Installation of Cable Sy
44、stems in Power Generating Stations Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby Power Systems for Industrial and Commercial Applications Recommended Practice for the Design of Reliable Industrial and Commercial Power System (Gold Book) Standard for the Testing, Design, Installation and Maintenance
45、 of Electrical Resistance Heat Tracing for Industrial Applications Guide for the Installation of Electrical Equipment to Minimize Noise Inputs to Controllers from External Sources Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems Recommended Practice for Installati
46、on, Termination, and Testing of Insulated Power Cable as Used in the Petroleum and Chemical Industry Std 841 Std 844 Std 1015 Std 1100 c2 (37.12.00 (257.12.01 C57.92 (37.96 C57.106 (37.111 (37.121 NACE* RP 0169 F3 0176 RP 0675 NEMA9 ICs 1 ICs 6 MG 1 Recommended Practice for Chemical Industry Severe
47、Duty Squirrel-Cage Induc- tion Motors 600 Volts and Below Recommended Practice for Electrical Impedance, Induction, and Skin Effect Heating of Pipelines and Vessels , Recommended Practice for Applying LOW- Voltage Circuit Breakers Used in Indus- trial and Commercial Power Systems (Blue Book) Recomme
48、nded Practice for Powering and Grounding Sensitive Electronic Equipment National Electrical Safety Code . General Requirements for Liquid- Immersed Distribution, PoweK and Regu- lating Transformers Standard General Requirements for Dry- type Distribution and Power Transformers Including those with S
49、olid-cast and/or Resin-encapsulated Windings Guide for Loading Mineral-oil-immersed Power Transfomers Up to and Including 100 MVA with 55C or 65C Average Winding Rise Guide for Loading Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of - Insulating Oil in Equipment Guide for Acceptance of Silicone Insulat- ing Fluid and Its Maintenance in Transformers Guidt? for Acceptance and Maintenance of Less Flammable Hydrocarbon Fluid in Transfomers Control of External Corrosion on Under- ground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems Corrosion Control of Stee
