1、Recommended Practice for Design and Hazards Analysis for Offshore Production FacilitiesAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 14JSECOND EDITION, MAY 2001REAFFIRMED, JANUARY 2013Recommended Practice for Design and Hazards Analysis for Offshore Production FacilitiesUpstream SegmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 14JSECOND
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10、 proven, sound engineer-ing and operating practices. These standards are not intended to obviate the need for apply-ing sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these standards should beutilized. The formulation and publication of API standards is not intended in any way toinhibit anyone
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13、isher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 2001 American Petroleum InstituteFOREWORDAPI publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made bythe Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; ho
14、wever, theInstitute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publicationand hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resultingfrom its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which thispublicatio
15、n may conflict.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the standardization manager,American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.iiiCONTENTSPage1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16、. . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 Industry Codes, Pr
17、actices, and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 Government Codes, Rules, and Regulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 Organization of Technical Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
18、2 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2 Containing Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . .
19、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.3 Preventing Hydrocarbon Ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.4 Preventing Fire Escalation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.5
20、 Personnel Protection and Escape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.6 Hazards Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 BASIC FACILITIES DESIGN CONCEPTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.2 Applicable Codes, Regulations, Standards, and Recommended Practices . . . . . 83.3 Mechanical Design Considerations. . . . . . . . . .
22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.4 Special Safety Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 HAZARD MITIGATION AND PERSONNEL EVACUATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.2 Fire and Gas Detection, Alarm/Communication Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.3 Escape Paths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244.4 Fire-F
24、ighting and Evacuating Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244.5 Passive Fire Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244.6 Active Fire Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244.7 Hydrocarbon Inventory Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 PLATFORM EQUIPMENT ARRANGEMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255.2 Wellhead Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285.3 Unfired Process Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
27、.4 Hydrocarbon Storage Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285.5 Fired Process Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.6 Machinery Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.7 Living Quarters Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.8 Pipelines and Risers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.9 Flar
29、es and Vents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305.10 Practical Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 DOCUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316.2 Safety and Environmental Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316.3 Documen
31、tation for Hazards Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326.4 Design Documentation for New Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326.5 Pre-Start-up Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、 . . . . . . . . 346.6 Operating Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34vPage7 HAZARDS ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357.2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357.3 Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367.4 Hazards Analysis Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367.5 Hazards Analysis Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387.6 Review Procedures. . . . . . . .
35、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397.7 Guidelines For Selecting An Analysis Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40APPENDIX A.1 EXAMPLE SIMPLIFIED CHECKLIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41APPENDIX A.2 EXAMPLE DETA
36、ILED CHECKLIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43APPENDIX B ANALYSIS OF EXAMPLE LAYOUTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63APPENDIX C INDUSTRY CODES, GUIDES, AND STANDARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . 69APPENDIX D GOVERNMENT CODES, RULES AND REGULATIONS . . . . . . . 75Figure
37、s1 Hazard Tree for Production Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Matrix of Safe Facilities Design Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Determining Pressure Breaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Determining Pressure Breaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Determining Pressure Breaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Determining Pressure Breaks . . .
39、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20A-1 Hazards Analysis Worksheet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61B-1 Oil Production Facility, 2-Level Platform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、. . 64B-2 Oil Production Facility, 2-Level Platform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66B-3 Oil Production Facility, 2-Level Platform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Tables1 Design Aids for Process Facilities Systems . . . . . . . . . . .
41、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Design Aids for Facilities Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Fuel and Ignition Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Equipment Categories . . . . .
42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27viviiAbbreviationsAGA American Gas AssociationANSI American National Standards InstituteAPI American Petroleum InstituteASME American Society of Mechanical EngineersAWWA American Water Works AssociationCAA Clean A
43、ir ActChapt ChapterCFR Code of Federal RegulationsDOT Department of TransportationEPA Environmental Protection AgencyESD Emergency ShutdownFAR Federal Aviation RegulationFCC Federal Communications CommissionHA Hazards AnalysisIEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersISA Instrument Socie
44、ty of AmericaMAWP Maximum Allowable Working PressureMMS Minerals Management ServiceMSDS Material Safety Data SheetNEC National Electric CodeNFC National Fire CodeNEMA National Equipment Manufacturers AssociationMPMS Manual of Petroleum Measurement StandardsNFPA National Fire Protection AssociationOS
45、HA Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationPES Programmable Electronic SystemsPLC Programmable Logic ControllerP thus, humanintervention, equipment layout and other factors must beaddressed in the design.Design safety is comprised of three approaches: Inherentdesign features, engineering contro
46、ls, and administrative con-trols. Inherent design features include designing inherentlysafer facilities by reducing or eliminating hazardous materialsor processes. The first step should be the elimination ofpotential hazards by improving the inherent safety of thedesign and then relying next on engi
47、neering controls andfinally on administrative controls where inherent design is nottechnically or economically feasible.The main principles for safe facilities design and operationare: (1) Minimizing the likelihood of uncontrollable releasesof hydrocarbons and other hazardous materials, (2) Minimiz-
48、ing the chances of ignition, (3) Preventing fire escalation andequipment damage, (4) Providing for personnel protectionand escape. Formal identification and assessment of hazardsare necessary for proper application of these four principles.Proper application of these principles, along with sound eng
49、i-neering judgment and proper maintenance and operation ofthe entire production facility, should result in a safe facility.Figure 2 is a matrix which shows the applicability of theseprinciples to various practices, systems and equipment.2.2 CONTAINING HYDROCARBONSProcess equipment should be designed to contain hydro-carbons to the greatest extent possible. The production sys-tem should be designed for the appropriate operatingconditions with allowances for variations. Additional infor-mation on equipment and system mechanical designs with thegoal of hydrocarbon containment is included in S
