1、Measuring the Long-term Conductivity of ProppantsANSI/API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 19DFIRST EDITION, MAY 2008ERRATA, JULY 2008REAFFIRMED, MAY 2015ISO 13503-5 (Identical), Part 5: Procedures for measuring the long-term conductivity of proppantsSpecial Notes API publications necessarily address problems o
2、f a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with res
3、pect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, o
4、r other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights. API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute
5、makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict. API publi
6、cations are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publica
7、tion of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices. Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that stand
8、ard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwi
9、se, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Copyright 2008 American Petroleum Institute API Foreword Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implica
10、tion or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent. This document was produced under API standar
11、dization procedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication wa
12、s developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director. Generally, A
13、PI standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publication
14、s and materials is published annually and updated quarterly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards and Publications Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org. iiContents Page API F
15、oreword ii Foreword .v Introductionvi 1 Scope1 2 Normative reference1 3 Terms and definitions .1 4 Abbreviations.2 5 Procedures for evaluating long-term proppant pack conductivity 2 5.1 Objective.2 5.2 Discussion2 6 Reagents and materials 2 6.1 Test fluid.2 6.2 Sandstone 3 7 Long-term conductivity t
16、est apparatus.3 7.1 Test unit3 7.2 Hydraulic load frame .3 7.3 Pack width measurement device(s).3 7.4 Test fluid drive system3 7.5 Differential pressure transducers3 7.6 Back-pressure regulators.3 7.7 Balance.4 7.8 Oxygen removal.4 7.9 Temperature control4 7.10 Silica saturation and monitoring4 8 Eq
17、uipment calibration.5 8.1 Pressure indicators and flow rates5 8.2 Zero pack width measurement.5 8.3 Determination of cell width.5 8.4 Hydraulic load frame .6 9 Leak tests .6 9.1 Hydraulic load frame .6 9.2 Test fluid system .6 10 Procedure for loading the cells6 10.1 Preparation of the test unit.6 1
18、0.2 Cell setup7 11 Loading cell(s) in the press8 12 Acquiring data9 13 Calculation of permeability and conductivity.9 14 Data reporting 11 Annex A (informative) Conversion factors .12 Annex B (normative) Silica-saturation vessel setup.13 Annex C (informative) Figures 15 Bibliography . 24 Foreword IS
19、O (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical co
20、mmittee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electro
21、technical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the me
22、mber bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identif
23、ying any or all such patent rights. ISO 13503-5 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials. equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries, Subcommittee SC 3, Drilling and completion fluids, and well cements. ISO 13503 consists of the followin
24、g parts, under the general title Petroleum and natural gas industries Completion fluids and materials: Part 1: Measurement of viscous properties of completion fluids Part 2: Measurement of properties of proppants used in hydraulic fracturing and gravel-packing operations Part 3: Testing of heavy bri
25、nes Part 4: Procedure for measuring stimulation and gravelpack fluid leakoff under static conditions Part 5: Procedures for measuring the long-term conductivity of proppants vIntroduction This part of ISO 13503 is largely based on API RP 611. Informative references are also included in the Biblograp
26、hy, References 2 to 15. The tests and test apparatus herein have been developed to establish standard procedures and conditions for use in evaluating the long-term conductivity of various hydraulic fracture proppant materials under laboratory conditions. This procedure enables users to compare the c
27、onductivity characteristics under the specifically described test conditions. The test results can aid users in comparing proppant materials for use in hydraulic fracturing operations. The procedures presented in this publication are not intended to inhibit the development of new technology, materia
28、ls improvements, or improved operational procedures. Qualified engineering analysis and sound judgment is required for their application to fit a specific situation. This part of ISO 13503 may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by ISO and API to ensure the accuracy and r
29、eliability of the data contained in it. However, ISO and API make no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this part of ISO 13503, and hereby expressly disclaim any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, o
30、r municipal regulation with which this part of ISO may conflict. In this part of ISO 13503, where practical, U.S. customary units are included in parentheses for information. vi1 Petroleum and natural gas industries Completion fluids and materials Part 5: Procedures for measuring the long-term condu
31、ctivity of proppants CAUTION The testing procedures in this part of ISO 13503 are not designed to provide absolute values of proppant conductivity under downhole reservoir conditions. Long-term test data have shown that time, elevated temperatures, fracturing fluid residues, cyclic stress loading, e
32、mbedment, formation fines and other factors further reduce fracture proppant pack conductivity. Also, this reference test is designed to measure only the frictional energy losses corresponding to laminar flow within a pack. It is recognized that fluid velocity within an actual fracture can be signif
33、icantly higher than in these laboratory tests, and can be dominated by inertial effects. 1 Scope This part of ISO 13503 provides standard testing procedures for evaluating proppants used in hydraulic fracturing and gravel-packing operations. NOTE The “proppants” mentioned henceforth in this part of
34、ISO 13503 refer to sand, ceramic media, resin-coated proppants, gravel packing media, and other materials used for hydraulic fracturing and gravel-packing operations. The objective of this part of ISO 13503 is to provide consistent methodology for testing performed on hydraulic-fracturing and/or gra
35、vel-packing proppants. It is not intended for use in obtaining absolute values of proppant pack conductivities under downhole reservoir conditions. 2 Normative reference The following referenced document is indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition ci
36、ted applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced standard (including any amendments) applies. ISO 3506-1, Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless-steel fasteners Part 1: Bolts, screws and studs 3 Terms and definitions 3.1 conductivity width of the fracture mul
37、tiplied by the permeability of the proppant pack 3.2 laminar flow type of streamlined flow for single-phase fluids in which the fluid moves in parallel layers, or laminae, such that the layers flow smoothly over each other with instabilities being dampened by the viscosity2 API Recommended Practice
38、19D/ISO 13503 3.3 Ohio sandstone fine-grained sandstone found in the United States from the Scioto Formation in southern Ohio 3.4 permeability a measure of the ability of media to transmit fluid through pore spaces 4 Abbreviations API American Petroleum Institute ASTM American Society for Testing an
39、d Materials RTV Room temperature vulcanizing ANSI American National Standards Institute PID Proportional-integral device 5 Procedures for evaluating long-term proppant pack conductivity 5.1 Objective The objective is to establish a standard test procedure, using a standard apparatus, under standard
40、test conditions to evaluate the long-term conductivity of proppants under laboratory conditions. This procedure is used to evaluate the conductivity of proppants under laboratory conditions but is not intended for use in obtaining absolute values of proppant pack conductivities under downhole reserv
41、oir conditions. The effects of fines, formation hardness, resident fluids, time, and/or other factors are beyond the scope of this procedure. 5.2 Discussion In this part of ISO 13503 procedure, a closure stress is applied across a test unit for 50 h 2 h to allow the proppant sample bed to reach a se
42、mi-steady state condition. As the fluid is forced through the proppant bed, the proppant pack width, differential pressure, temperature and flow rates are measured at each stress level. Proppant pack permeability and conductivity are calculated. Multiple flow rates are used to verify the performance
43、 of the transducers, and to determine darcy flow regime at each stress; an average of the data at these flow rates is reported. A minimum pressure drop of 0.01 kPa (0.002 0 psi) is recommended; otherwise, flow rates shall be increased. At stipulated flow rates and temperature conditions, no apprecia
44、ble non-darcy flow or inertial effects are encountered. After completing the rates at a closure stress level in all cells, the closure stress is increased to a new level; 50 h 2 h is allowed for the proppant bed to reach a semi-steady state condition, and multiple flow rates in all cells are introdu
45、ced to gather data required to determine proppant pack conductivity at this stress level. The procedure is repeated until all desired closure stresses and flow rates have been evaluated. To achieve accurate conductivity measurements, it is essential that single-phase flow occurs. Test condition para
46、meters, such as test fluid, temperature, loading, sandstone and time, at each stress shall be reported along with long-term conductivity and permeability data. Other conditions can be used to evaluate different characteristics of proppants and, therefore, can be expected to produce differing results
47、. 6 Reagents and materials 6.1 Test fluid The test fluid is 2 % by mass potassium chloride (KCl) in a deionized or distilled-water solution filtered to at least 7 m. The potassium chloride shall be at least 99.0 % by mass pure. Measuring the Long-term Conductivity of Proppants 3 6.2 Sandstone Ohio s
48、andstone cores should have dimensions of 17.70 cm to 17.78 cm (6.96 in to 7.00 in) in length, 3.71 cm to 3.81 cm (1.46 in to 1.50 in) wide, and a minimum of 0.9 cm (0.35 in) thick. The ends of the sandstone cores shall be rounded to fit into the test unit (see 7.1). Parallel thickness shall be maint
49、ained within 0.008 cm ( 0.003 in). 7 Long-term conductivity test apparatus 7.1 Test unit The test unit shall be a linear flow design with a 64.5 cm2(10 in2) proppant and bed area. Figure C.1 illustrates the details of the test unit and an example of how cells can be stacked. The pistons and test chamber(s) shall be constructed of 316 stainless steel (e.g. ISO 3506-1, Grade A4), Monel1)or Hastalloy material. Filters for the test unit may be constructed using Monel wire cloth with an opening of 150 m or equivalent (100 US mesh). Nominal particle retention
