1、Management of Atmospheric Storage Tank FiresAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2021FOURTH EDITION, MAY 2001REAFFIRMED, SEPTEMBER 2015Management of Atmospheric Storage Tank FiresSafety however, theInstitute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publicationand hereby expressly
2、disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resultingfrom its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which thispublication may conflict.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standardization Managerat the American Petrole
3、um Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.iiiCONTENTSPage1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 DEFINITIONS. . . . . .
5、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 TANK FIRE PREVENTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 PLANNING FOR TANK FIRE MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.1 General Planning Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.2 Incident Management System Planning. . . . . . . . . . .
7、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.3 Facility Survey and Hazard Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.4 Types of Tank Fires and General Suppression Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116.5 Review Existing Fire Suppression Capability. . .
8、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136.6 Review, Revise or Develop Fire Protection and Suppression Philosophy . . . . . 136.7 TankSpecific Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146.8 Fire Suppression Agents . . . . . . . . . . .
9、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 PREPARATION FOR TANK FIRE SUPPRESSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197.1 General Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197.2 Preparation of Inc
10、ident Management Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207.3 TankSpecific Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207.4 Logistics Preparation for Fire Suppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
11、.5 Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 IMPLEMENTING THE FIRE SUPPRESSION PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268.1 General Process for Implementing Fire Suppression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12、 . . . 268.2 Notifying and Activating an Incident Response Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268.3 Gathering and Assessing Incident Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288.4 Developing IncidentSpecific Strategy and Tactics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13、 298.5 Resource Assembly and UtilizationFighting the Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298.6 Ongoing Situation Assessment and Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378.7 Control or Extinguishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14、 . . . . 378.8 Overhaul and Remediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378.9 Incident Termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388.10 Critique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 INVESTIGATION, REPORTING AND FOLLOWUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389.1 Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389.2 Reporting .
16、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389.3 Follow-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38vCONTENTSPageAPPENDIX A DEFINITION OF TERMS USED IN THIS STANDAR
17、D WHICH ARE IN GENERAL USE IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY . . . . . . . . . . 39APPENDIX B UNITS OF MEASUREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41APPENDIX C INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM (ICS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43APPENDIX D INCIDENT DOCUMENTATION DATA
18、 SHEET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47APPENDIX E TYPES OF STORAGE TANKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49APPENDIX F FIRE PROTECTION CONSIDERATIONS RELATEDTO FLOATING ROOF TYPE AND DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53APPENDIX G SPECIAL HAZARDS ASSO
19、CIATED WITH TANK FIRES . . . . . . . . 55APPENDIX H FIRE SUPPRESSION AGENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59APPENDIX I THE POTENTIAL DANGERS OF POURING FOAM ONTOPETROLEUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65APPEN
20、DIX J FOAM FRICTION LOSS AND BACKPRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67APPENDIX K DETERMINING FOAM CONENTRATE REQUIREMENTS FOR FULL SURFACE FIRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69APPENDIX L DETERMINING FOAM CONCENTRATE REQUIREMENTS FOR SEAL FIRES . . . . . . . . . .
21、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73APPENDIX M WATER FLOW THROUGH FIRE HOSES AND PIPES . . . . . . . . . . . 75APPENDIX N OBSERVATIONS, LESSONS LEARNED AND “TRICKS OF THE TRADE”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77APPENDIX O PPE FOR PER
22、SONNEL FIGHTING TANK FIRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Figures1 Overview of Management of Atmospheric Storage Tank Fires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Planning for Storage Tank Fire Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73a TankSpecific PreIncident Contingency
23、 Planning Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83b TankSpecific PreIncident Contingency Planning Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Preparation for Tank Fire Suppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 WaterFoam Solution Flow Requirement
24、 for Full Surface Fire gallons/minute at Varied Application Rates (in g/min/ft2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Gallons of Foam Concentrate Needed for Each Ten Minutes of Foam Application at 1%, 3% and 6% Concentrations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Permanently Attached Foa
25、m Chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Subsurface Foam Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Three Monitors with Large to Very Large Flow Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2510 High C
26、apacity Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2511 Implementing the Fire Suppression Management Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2712 Foam for Seals Flowing into Foam Dam from Permanently Installed Foam Chamber . . . . . . . .
27、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3213 Elevating Platform Showing Access from Above Tank Rim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3314 Special Portable Monitor Attached to Edge of Floating 33Tank Roof to Fight Rim Seal Fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3315 Wind Girder with Handrail Provides Safe Fire Personnel Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34C1 Example Incident Command Data Sheet for Petroleum Storage Tank Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、44D1 Example Incident Documentation Data Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48E1 Fixed Cone Roof Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49E2 LowPressure Tanks without Weak Seam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、. . . . . . . . . . . . 49E3 Horizontal Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50PageE4 Close-up View of Bolted Tank Seams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50E5a Internal (Covered) Floating Roof
31、Tank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50E6a Open Top (External) Floating Roof Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50E6b Open Top (External) Floating Roof Tank Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51E7 External Floa
32、ting Roof Tank with Dome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52E8 Spheres Adjacent to Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52G1 Boilover of a ConeRoof Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . 56M1 Effect of Size on Flow Capability with Same Pressure Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75N1 Example of OnSite Tank Emergency Response Information Sign . . . . . . . . . . . 80Tables1 Tank Content Characteristics and Potential Special Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、. . 102 Tank Types and Fire Potential. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Example of Minimum Resources for Seal Fire Suppression in 250 ft Diameter Hydrocarbon Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Example of Min
35、imum Resources for Full Surface Fire Suppressionin 250 ft Hydrocarbon Tanks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18B1 English to Metric (SI) Units of Measure Relevant to Tank Fire Suppression . . . . 41K1 NFPA Full Surface Fire Minimum Application Rate B
36、ased on Fuel and Application Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70K2 NFPA Full Surface Fire Minimum Application Time in Minutes Based on Application Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、. . . . . . . . 70K3 Supplemental Hose Streams Recommended by NFPA 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70L1 Foam Application and Time for Seal Fire Suppression Consistent with NFPA 11 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73N1 Reported Angle for Monitor to Achie
38、ve Maximum Height or Distance . . . . . . . . 771Management of Atmospheric Storage Tank Fires1 General 1.1 PURPOSEThis recommended practice provides experience-basedinformation to enhance the understanding of fires in atmo-spheric storage tanks containing flammable and combustiblematerials. It prese
39、nts a systematic management approachwhich can assist tank fire prevention. If fires do occur, thisinformation can help responders optimize fire suppressiontechniques to reduce the severity of an incident and reducethe potential for escalation. 1.1.1 RetroactivityAny provisions in this recommended pr
40、actice related todesign are intended for reference use when designing newfacilities or when considering major revisions or expansions.It is not intended that the recommendations in this publicationbe applied retroactively to existing facilities. This publicationshould provide useful guidance when th
41、ere is a need or desireto review programs or facilities.1.2 SCOPEThis recommended practice provides information to assistmanagement and fire suppression personnel to manage theneeds associated with safely fighting fires in above groundatmospheric storage tanks. The discussion includes planning,prepa
42、ration, suppression, investigation and follow-up activi-ties as shown in Figure 1.If a liquid at a petroleum facility can burn and is stored inan unheated tank at atmospheric pressure, it fits the scope ofthis publication. Fires can be fueled by flammable or combus-tible liquids ranging from gasolin
43、e to lube oil, asphalt orcrude oil. Some chemicals used in the petroleum industry fitthis scope. Heated tanks are not addressed in this publication,but are the subject of API 2023.This publication is based on industry experience. Itemphasizes planning and preparation along with practicaltank fire su
44、ppression strategy and tactical guidelines. Guid-ance and precautions address developing and implementingfire suppression plans for fighting fires in and around flamma-ble and combustible liquid atmospheric storage tanks. Areview of fire suppression agents is provided; emphasis is onfirefighting foa
45、m, with dry chemical agents discussed for sealfires and vents. It should be understood that this documentprovides basic guidelines. Its application must remain flexibleto relate to changing technology, philosophy and regulations.Appendix N provides “Lessons Learned” information orga-nized in the sam
46、e general categories shown in Figure 1.This publication specifically excludes fighting fires intanks containing pressurized gases (see API Publs 2510 and2510A) and nonmetallic tanks. Detailed discussion of typesof fire protection equipment and maintenance are also outsidethe scope of this publicatio
47、n. They are covered in publicationssuch as API Publ 2001, NFPA 11, NFPA 30 and the NFPAFire Protection Handbook; further references are noted inSection 2. There may be situations in which it may not be possible,or appropriate, to mount an aggressive attack to extinguish afire (as noted in 6.6). In m
48、ost cases, if sufficient resources areavailable, extinguishing tank fires is conceptually simple.When enough of an appropriate extinguishing agent (fire-fighting foam) is properly applied to the burning fuel surface,the fire goes out. If the foam blanket is maintained until thefuel and tank metal ar
49、e sufficiently cooled, the fire stays out.Accomplishing these conceptual goals involves both art andscienceand provides a significant logistical challenge inaddition to the fire suppression challenge. This publicationprovides guidance to assist understanding and systematicallyaddressing these challenges. While this publication provides guidance for fighting tankfires, in considering tank fire issues it is prudent to reviewprevention of such fires. Preventing tank fires is preferable tofighting them. Section 5 and Appendix I provide brief discus-sions of fire
