1、Fireproofing Practices in Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing PlantsAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 2218 THIRD EDITION, JULY 2013Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should
2、 be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any liability or re
3、sponsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights.API publicat
4、ions may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims an
5、y liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating practices. These
6、 publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer
7、marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard
8、Classified areas may vary depending on the location, conditions, equipment, and substances involved in any given situation. Users of this recommended practice should consult with the appropriate authorities having jurisdiction.Users of this recommended practice should not rely exclusively on the in
9、formation contained in this document. Sound business, scientific, engineering, and safety judgment should be used in employing the information contained herein. API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers to warn and properly train and equip their employees, a
10、nd others exposed, concerning health and safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations to comply with authorities having jurisdiction.Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precautions with respect to particular materials and conditions should be obtained from th
11、e employer, the manufacturer or supplier of that material, or the material safety data sheet.Where applicable, authorities having jurisdiction should be consulted.Work sites and equipment operations may differ. Users are solely responsible for assessing their specific equipment and premises in deter
12、mining the appropriateness of applying the recommended practice. At all times users should employ sound business, scientific, engineering, and judgment safety when using this recommended practice.API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers to warn and properly
13、 train and equip their employees, and others exposed, concerning health and safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations to comply with authorities having jurisdictionAll rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmit
14、ted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2013 American Petroleum InstituteForewordThis recommended practice i
15、s intended to provide guidelines for developing effective methods of fireproofing in petroleum and petrochemical processing plants. It is not a design manual. This is a guidelinea starting place and not a prescriptive set of limits; each facility should review their needs and act accordingly. Thus t
16、he title is fireproofing “practices”. It seeks to share good practice which has evolved over the years. Participants in developing this third edition included representation from both producers and users of fireproofing.By its nature fireproofing is passive property protection. Effective protection
17、of equipment in petroleum and petrochemical plants may reasonably be expected to have a benefit in reducing risks. Where fireproofing helps control structural damage and potential incident escalation it may also benefit life safety concerns.API 2218 is a “pool fire” standard. It uses facility config
18、uration and equipment knowledge as a means of identifying probable liquid fuel release locations and the extent of resulting pool fires. This leads to development of “fire-scenario envelopes”. This is the first step in determining fireproofing needs. The process is shown in simple form in Figure 1.
19、Planning for (and prevention) of all types of fire is of concern. Although infrequent, jet fires are dramatic and can cause significant damage. Consequently, Annex C provides an overview of “Jet Fire Considerations” including the extensive body of research knowledge.Nothing contained in any API publ
20、ication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of
21、letters patent.Shall: As used in a standard, “shall” denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the specification.Should: As used in a standard, “should” denotes a recommendation or that which is advised but not required in order to conform to the specification. This document was produced
22、under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which th
23、is publication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.
24、Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API
25、 publications and materials is published annually by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、 . . . 11.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 Units of Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Normative References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Terms and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.1 The Function of Fireproofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.2 Determining Fireproofi
31、ng Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Fire Scenario Envelope Fireproofing Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165.1 Fireproofing Inside Processin
32、g Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165.2 Fireproofing Outside Processing Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Fireproofing Materials. . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、 266.2 Characteristics of Fireproofing Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276.3 Types of Fireproofing Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35、 . . . . 307 Testing and Rating Fireproofing Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 Installation and Quality Assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36、 . . . . 358.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358.2 Ease of Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358.3 Fireproofing Installation Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368.4 Quality Control in Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Inspection and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379.1 Effects of Long-term Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379.2 Inspection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389.3 Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Annex A (informative) Definition of Terms Used in this Standard which are in General Use in the Petroleum Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Annex B (informative) Testing and Rating Fireproofing Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Annex C (informative) Jet Fire Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Annex D (informative) Fireproofing Questions and Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57vPageFigures1A Selecting Fireproofing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71B Fireproofing Process with MOC . .
44、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82A Example of Effect of Temperature on Strength of Structural Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162B Heating of Unwetted Steel Plates Exposed to Gas
45、oline Fire on One Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163A Structure Supporting Fire Potential Equipment in a Fire Scenario Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223B Structure Supporting Fire Potential and Non-fire Potential Equipment in a Fire Scenario Area. .
46、 . . . . . 233C Structure Supporting Non-fire Potential Equipment in a Fire Scenario Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234A Pipe Rack without Pumps in a Fire Scenario Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244B Pipe Rack with Larg
47、e Fire-potential Pumps Installed Below . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244C Pipe Rack Supporting Fin-Fan Air Coolers in a Fire Scenario Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254D Transfer Line with Hanger Support in a Fire Scenario A
48、rea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254E Transfer Line Support in a Fire Scenario Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Tables1 Initial Planning Dimensions for Fire Scenario Envelope . . . . . .
49、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Level of Fireproofing Protection in Pool Fire Scenario Envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131Fireproofing Practices in Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing Plants1 Scope1.1 PurposeThis recommended practice (RP) is intended to provide guidance for selecting, applying, and maintaining fireproofing systems designed to limit the extent of fire-related property loss from pool fires in the petroleum and petrochemical industries. Where comparable hazards exist, and to the extent appropr
