1、Recommended Practice for Drilling and Well Servicing Operations Involving Hydrogen SulfideAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 49THIRD EDITION, MAY 2001REAFFIRMED, JANUARY 2013Recommended Practice for Drilling and Well Servicing Operations Involving Hydrogen SulfideUpstream SegmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 49THI
2、RD EDITION, MAY 2001REAFFIRMED, JANUARY 2013SPECIAL NOTESAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to partic-ular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacture
3、rs, or suppliers towarn and properly train and equip their employees, and others exposed, concerning healthand safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations under local, state, or fed-eral laws.Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precautions with respect to pa
4、r-ticular materials and conditions should be obtained from the employer, the manufacturer orsupplier of that material, or the material safety data sheet.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, byimplication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of
5、 any method, apparatus, or prod-uct covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be con-strued as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reafrmed, or withdrawn at least everyve years.
6、Sometimes a one-time extension of up to two years will be added to this reviewcycle. This publication will no longer be in effect ve years after its publication date as anoperative API standard or, where an extension has been granted, upon republication. Statusof the publication can be ascertained f
7、rom the API Upstream Segment telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually and updated quar-terly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropri-ate notication and
8、participation in the developmental process and is designated as an APIstandard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this standard or com-ments and questions concerning the procedures under which this standard was developedshould be directed in writing to the standardization man
9、ager, American Petroleum Institute,1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce ortranslate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the gen-eral manager.API standards are published to facilitate the broad availability of prove
10、n, sound engineer-ing and operating practices. These standards are not intended to obviate the need for apply-ing sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these standards should beutilized. The formulation and publication of API standards is not intended in any way toinhibit anyone from u
11、sing any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the markingrequirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicablerequirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such prod-ucts do in fa
12、ct conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher,
13、 API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 2001 American Petroleum InstituteFOREWORDThis recommended practice was prepared by the API Subcommittee on Oil and Gas WellDrilling and Servicing Involving Hydrogen Sulde. This standard is under the administra-tion of th
14、e American Petroleum Institute Upstream Departments Executive Committee onDrilling and Production Operations.It is intended that these voluntary recommended practices serve as a guide to promote andmaintain integrity of oil and gas well drilling and servicing facilities and operations in theinterest
15、 of public safety, personnel safety, and protection of the environment. Users of thispublication are reminded that constantly developing technology, specic company require-ments and policy, and specialized or limited operations do not permit coverage of all possi-ble operations, practices, or altern
16、atives. This standard is not so comprehensive as to presentall of the recommended practices for oil and gas well drilling and servicing operationsinvolving hydrogen sulde. Alternative operating procedures and/or equipment are availableand routinely used to meet or exceed recommended practices or per
17、formance levels set forthherein. Recommendations presented in this publication are based on industry experience andexpertise involving a wide range of operating locations and conditions. Recommendationspresented in this publication are not intended to inhibit developing technology and equip-ment imp
18、rovements or improved operating procedures. This publication, or portions thereof,cannot be substituted for qualied technical/operations analysis and judgment to t a specicsituation.There may be federal, state, or local statutes, rules, or regulations requiring oil and gaswell drilling and servicing
19、 operations to be conducted in a safe or environmentally soundmanner. Organizations and individuals using this standard are cautioned that requirements offederal, state, or local laws and regulations are constantly changing. These requirementsshould be reviewed to determine whether the practices rec
20、ommended herein and the opera-tions being planned or conducted are consistent with current laws and regulations.Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precautions with respect to par-ticular materials and conditions should be obtained from the employer, the manufacturer orsupplier
21、 of that material, or the material safety data sheet (MSDS).Provisions of these voluntary recommended practices include use of the verbs shall andshould, whichever is deemed most applicable for the specic situation. For purposes ofthis publication, the following denitions are applicable:Shall: Indic
22、ates the recommended practice(s) have universal applicability to that spe-cic activity.Should: Denotes a recommended practice(s) 1) where a safe comparable alternativepractice(s) is available; 2) that may be impractical under certain circumstances; or 3) thatmay be unnecessary under certain circumst
23、ances.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made bythe Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, theInstitute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publicationand hereby express
24、ly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resultingfrom its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which thispublication may conict.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the standardization manager,American Petroleum In
25、stitute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.iiiCONTENTSPage1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 STANDARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.2 Regulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.3 Other Referenc
27、es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.4 Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATED DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、. . . . . . . . 33.1 Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.2 Denitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 APPLICABILITY . . . . . . . .
29、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.1 Personnel and Equipment Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.2 Initiation of Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、. . . . . . . . . . 54.3 Legal Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 PERSONNEL TRAINING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.2 Minimum Training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.3 Additional Training for Onsite Supervisory Personnel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、65.4 Hydrogen Sulde Safety Instructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.5 Training Visitors and Other Non-Regularly Assigned Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.6 Records. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 DETECTION EQUIPMENT AND PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT (PPE) 66.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.2 Detection Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.3 Fixed (Stationary) Hydrogen Sulde Monitoring Detection Systems . . . . . . . . . 76.4 Sensor Locations and Settings and Equipment Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.5 Equipment Calibration and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.6 Breathing (Respiratory Protection) Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 CONTINGENCY PLANNING, INCLUDING EMERGENCY PROCEDURES . . . . 87.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36、. . . . . . . . . . . 87.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.3 Availability of Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.4 Plan Information . . .
37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.5 Immediate Action Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.6 Notication Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.7 Community Warning and Protection Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.8 Well-Ignition Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.9 Training and Drills. . . . . . . . . .
39、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117.10 Updating Provisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 CLASSIFICATION OF LOCATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、 118.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118.2 Locations with Unconned Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118.3 Locations with Conned Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12vPage9 WELL MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129.1 Materials Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129.2 Materials Selection. . . . . . . . .
42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139.3 Well Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139.4 Equipment Selection and Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43、. . . . . . . 1310 WELLSITE SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1410.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1410.2 Planning . . . . . . . . . . . .
44、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1410.4 Fluid Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1410.5 Hydrogen Sulde from Pressure Maintenance and/or Waterooding Operations 1410.6 Speci
45、al Precautions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1410.7 Hydrogen Sulde and Sulfur Dioxide Drills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1410.8 Hydrogen Sulde Ignition Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46、 . . . . . . . . 1511 SPECIAL OPERATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1511.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1511.2 Venting Operation. . . . . . . . .
47、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1511.3 Wireline Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1511.4 Perforating Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48、. . . . . . . . 1611.5 Snubbing Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1611.6 Continuous Reeled (Coiled) Tubing Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1611.7 Freezing Operations (PLUG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1611.8 Valve Drilling and Hot Tapping Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1611.9 Coring Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1611.10 Well Evaluation and Testing Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16APPENDIX A PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19APPENDIX B PHYSICAL PROPERTIES A
