1、Onshore Oil and Gas Production Practices for Protection of the EnvironmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 51THIRD EDITION, FEBRUARY 2001REAFFIRMED, JANUARY 2013Onshore Oil and Gas Production Practices for Protection of the EnvironmentUpstream SegmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 51THIRD EDITION, FEBRUARY 2001RE
2、AFFIRMED, JANUARY 2013SPECIAL NOTESAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to partic-ular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers towar
3、n and properly train and equip their employees, and others exposed, concerning healthand safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations under local, state, or fed-eral laws.Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precautions with respect to par-ticular materials an
4、d conditions should be obtained from the employer, the manufacturer orsupplier of that material, or the material safety data sheet.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, byimplication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus
5、, or prod-uct covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be con-strued as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least everyfive years. Sometimes a one-ti
6、me extension of up to two years will be added to this reviewcycle. This publication will no longer be in effect five years after its publication date as anoperative API standard or, where an extension has been granted, upon republication. Statusof the publication can be ascertained from the API Upst
7、ream Segment telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually and updated quar-terly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropri-ate notification and participation
8、in the developmental process and is designated as an APIstandard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this standard or com-ments and questions concerning the procedures under which this standard was developedshould be directed in writing to the standardization manager, American
9、 Petroleum Institute,1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce ortranslate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the gen-eral manager.API standards are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engin
10、eer-ing and operating practices. These standards are not intended to obviate the need for apply-ing sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these standards should beutilized. The formulation and publication of API standards is not intended in any way toinhibit anyone from using any other
11、 practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the markingrequirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicablerequirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such prod-ucts do in fact conform to
12、the applicable API standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishin
13、g Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 2001 American Petroleum InstituteFOREWORDThis Recommended Practice is under the jurisdiction of the API Executive Committee onDrilling and Production Operations.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort ha
14、s been made bythe Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, theInstitute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publicationand hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resultingfrom i
15、ts use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which thispublication may conflict.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the standardization manager,American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.iiiCONTENTSPage1 SCOPE .
16、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS. . . . . . . . . .
17、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 GOVERNMENT AGENCIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 LEASE ROADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.1 Introdu
18、ction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.2 Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.3 Design and Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.4. Selecting New Sites that Minimize Environmental Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.5. Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.6 Abandonment. . .
20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 PRODUCING, INJECTION/DISPOSAL WELLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.1 Completion, Stimulation and Workover Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.2 Well
21、 Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.3 Well Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.4 Plugging and Abandonment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 LEASE GATHERING AND SYSTEM LINES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.2 Route Selection . .
23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87.3 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.4 Construction and Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.5 Operation and Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.6 Abandonment of Gathering and System Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 PRODUCTION AND WATER HANDLING FACILITIES.
25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108.1 Requirement Determination (Pre-Planning Considerations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108.2 Site Selection Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118.3 Facility Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118.4 Construction Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148.5 Operation and Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158.6
27、 Waste and Residual Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158.7 Spill Prevention, Response and Cleanup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168.8 Environmental Assessment Prior to Purchase or Sale of Existing Fields and Leases. . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188.9 Abandonment of Facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18v1Onshore Oil and Gas Production Practices for Protection of the Environment1 ScopeThis standard provide
29、s environmentally sound practices fordomestic onshore oil and gas production operations. It isintended to be applicable to contractors as well as operators.Facilities within the scope of this document include all pro-duction facilities, including produced water handling facili-ties. Offshore and arc
30、tic areas are beyond the scope of thisdocument. Operational coverage begins with the design andconstruction of access roads and well locations and ends withabandonment/ restoration operations. Gas compression fortransmission purposes or production operations, such as gaslift, pressure maintenance, o
31、r enhanced oil recovery isincluded; however, gas processing for liquids recovery is notaddressed.2 References2.1 REFERENCE STANDARDSThis recommended practice includes by reference, either intotal or in part, the following standards. Users should investi-gate use of the appropriate portion of the mos
32、t recent editionsof the standards listed below:APIBull E2Bulletin on Management of NaturallyOccurring Radioactive Materials (NORM)in Oil and Gas ProductionBull E3Well Abandonment and Inactive Well Prac-tices for U.S. Exploration and ProductionOperations, Environmental GuidanceDocumentAPI Environment
33、al Guidance Document: Onshore SolidWaste Management in Exploration andProduction OperationsAPIRemediation of Salt-Affected Soils at Oil and Gas Pro-duction FacilitiesAPIGuidelines for Commercial Exploration and Produc-tion Waste Management Facilities Spec 7B11CSpecification for Internal-CombustionRe
34、ciprocating Engines for Oil FieldServiceRP 7C11FRecommended Practice for Installation,Maintenance, and Operation of Internal-Combustion EnginesBull 11KData Sheet for the Design of Air ExchangeCoolersSpec 11NSpecification for Lease Automatic CustodyTransfer (LACT) EquipmentSpec 11PSpecification for P
35、ackaged High SpeedSeparable Engine-Driven ReciprocatingGas CompressorsSpec 12BSpecification for Bolted Tanks for Storageof Production LiquidsSpec 12DSpecification for Field Welded Tanks forStorage of Production LiquidsSpec 12FSpecification for Shop Welded Tanks forStorage of Production LiquidsSpec 1
36、2J Specification for Oil and Gas SeparatorsSpec 12KSpecification for Indirect-Type Oil FieldHeatersSpec 12LSpecification for Vertical and HorizontalEmulsion TreatersRP 12NRecommended Practice for Operations,Maintenance and Testing of Firebox FlameArrestersRP 49Recommended Practices for Drilling andD
37、rill Stem Testing of Wells ContainingHydrogen SulfideRP 53Recommended Practices for Blowout Pre-vention Equipment Systems for DrillingWellsRP 55Recommended Practices for ConductingOil and Gas Producing and Gas Process-ing Plant Operations Involving HydrogenSulfideNACE1Std MR0175Standard Material Req
38、uirements SulfideStress Cracking Resistant Metallic Materi-als for Oilfield EquipmentRP0475Selection of Metallic Materials to be Usedin All Phases of Waste Handling for Injec-tion Into Oil Bearing Formations3 Acronyms and AbbreviationsThe following acronyms and abbreviations are used in thisstandard
39、:API American Petroleum InstituteBOPE Blowout Preventer EquipmentE however, inthe event well completion operations dictate use of pits con-taining oil for a brief period of time, they should be fenced,screened, netted and/or flagged, as appropriate, to protectlivestock, wild game, and fowl. Refer to
40、 the Migratory BirdTreaty and Enforcement Improvement Act for additionalguidance. Oil accumulated in pits should be promptlyremoved and recovered, recycled, or disposed.All liquids and other materials placed in pits should berecovered, recycled, or disposed in an environmentallyacceptable manner (de
41、termined by the constituents in thematerial and the environmental sensitivity of the location).When operations are completed, pits not required for welloperation should be closed in accordance with the environ-mental sensitivity of the location. The surface area should berestored to a condition comp
42、atible with the uses of the adja-cent land area. Any pit retained should be of minimum sizecommensurate with well operations. Refer to API Environ-mental Guidance Document: Onshore Solid Waste Manage-ment in Exploration and Production Operations foradditional information and permitting requirements.
43、6 API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 516.1.7 Stormwater RunoffNatural drainage patterns of the area should be consideredin the location of equipment, pads, and pits so that stormwa-ter runoff does not create an environmental hazard by erosionof base material, which could lead to equipment instability, orby fl
44、ooding of pits, which could cause a discharge of oil orother fluids into the local surface waters.Discharges of stormwater from inside exploration andproduction facilities such as bermed areas around tank bat-teries (including oil and gas exploration, production, pro-cessing, or treatment operations
45、 or a transmission facility),which can reach waters of the United States, require astormwater discharge permit and submittal of a stormwaterpollution plan to the EPA. Contamination includes storm-water that comes into contact with any overburden, rawmaterials, or waste products on the site. 6.1.8 Bl
46、owout Prevention EquipmentAll blowout prevention equipment (BOPE) should beselected, installed, and properly maintained in order to pre-vent uncontrolled releases to the environment. Refer to APIRP 53.All BOPE should have a working pressure rating thatexceeds the maximum expected surface pressure.Tr
47、aining exercises or drills should be held as necessary toensure crew familiarity and that the BOPE is in good workingorder.6.1.9 Control of Noise and Other NuisancesEngines and production equipment should be providedwith noise abatement measures, if appropriate, to reducenoise levels to the extent p
48、ractical, considering the local envi-ronment. Other nuisances such as odors and dust should becontrolled as considered appropriate for the location. Consid-eration should be given to minimizing traffic in general, par-ticularly in or near urban areas.6.1.10 Solids Removal or CaptureAll produced flui
49、ds, drill cuttings, cement, cement returns,NORM scale, and other solids should be captured and classi-fied, then reused, recycled, or disposed. Hazardous wasteshould be segregated in order to prevent contamination ofnonhazardous materials.6.2 WELL OPERATIONS6.2.1 Equipment Operation and MaintenanceAll well producing equipment should be kept neat, clean,painted and in good working order. Equipment should bepainted to blend into the surroundings, if required or appro-priate and kept clean to present an acceptable appearance.Selected moving equipment may be painted different colorsto enhanc
