1、Recommended Practice for Materials and Fabrication of 1Cr-Mo Steel Pressure Vessels for Service above 825 F (440 C)API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 934-ESECOND EDITION, JANUARY 2018Special NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local
2、,state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make anywarranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of theinformation co
3、ntained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of anyinformation or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors,consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infrin
4、ge upon privately owned rights.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure theaccuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, orguarantee in connection with this publ
5、ication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss ordamage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication mayconflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound eng
6、ineering and operatingpractices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgmentregarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publicationsis not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using a
7、ny other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standardis solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent,warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conf
8、orm to the applicable API standard.Classified areas may vary depending on the location, conditions, equipment, and substances involved in any givensituation. Users of this Recommended Practice should consult with the appropriate authorities having jurisdiction. Users of this Recommended Practice sho
9、uld not rely exclusively on the information contained in this document.Sound business, scientific, engineering, and safety judgment should be used in employing the information containedherein. Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precautions with respect to particular materials
10、andconditions should be obtained from the employer, the manufacturer or supplier of that material, or the material safetydata sheet. API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers to warn and properly train andequip their employees, and others exposed, concerning
11、 health and safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking theirobligations to comply with authorities having jurisdiction. Where applicable, authorities having jurisdiction should be consulted.Work sites and equipment operations may differ. Users are solely responsible for assessing their specific e
12、quipmentand premises in determining the appropriateness of applying the Recommended Practice. At all times users shouldemploy sound business, scientific, engineering, and judgment safety when using this Recommended Practice.API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or su
13、ppliers to warn and properly train andequip their employees, and others exposed, concerning health and safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking theirobligations to comply with authorities having jurisdiction.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, translated, stored in a re
14、trieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005.Copyright 2018 American Petroleum InstituteForeword
15、Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for themanufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anythingcontained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against
16、 liability for infringement of letters patents.Shall: As used in a standard, “shall” denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the specification.Should: As used in a standard, “should” denotes a recommendation or that which is advised but not required in orderto conform to the specificati
17、onThis document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification andparticipation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning theinterpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning th
18、e procedures under whichthis publication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American PetroleumInstitute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or anypart of the material published herein should also be
19、addressed to the director.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-timeextension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from theAPI Standards Department, telephone (202) 68
20、2-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is publishedannually and updated quarterly by API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW,Washington, D.C. 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiCon
21、tentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Terms, Definitions, and Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.1 Terms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.2 Acronyms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Design of Pressure Vessels and Heat Exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.1 Design and Manufacture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.2 Coverage of Design Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Base Metal Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.1 Material Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.2 Steelmaking Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.3 Chemical Composition Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.4 Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75.5 Mechanical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Welding Consumable Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.1 Material Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.2 Mechanical Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Welding, Heat Treatment, and Production Testing . . . . . . . . . .
30、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.1 General Welding Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.2 Welding Procedure Qualification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.3 Preheat and Dehydrogenation Heat Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117.4 Production Testing of Base Metal Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117.5 Weld Overlay or Integral Clad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127.6 Final PWHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Nondestructive Examination (NDE). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148.2 NDE Prior to Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148.3 NDE During Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158.4 NDE After Fabrication and Prior to Final PWHT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158.5 NDE After Final PWHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158.6 Positive Material Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Hydrostatic Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1510 Preparation for Shipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1611 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Figures1 Location of Vickers Hardnes
39、s Indentations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Tables1 Base Metal ASME Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6vIntroductionThis recomm
40、ended practice applies to new pressure vessels in petroleum refining, petrochemical, industrial gas, andchemical facilities in which fluids are processed at temperatures in the 825 F to 1150 F (440 C to 620 C) range. Itis based on decades of industry operating experience and the results of recent ex
41、perimentation and testingconducted by independent manufacturers, fabricators, and users of pressure vessels for this service.Licensors and owners of process units in which these pressure vessels are to be used may modify and/or supplementthis recommended practice with additional proprietary requirem
42、ents.viiRecommended Practice for Materials and Fabrication of 1Cr-Mo Steel Pressure Vessels for Service above 825 F (440 C) 1 Scope This recommended practice (RP) includes materials and fabrication requirements for new 1Cr-Mo and 1Cr-Mo steel pressure vessels, including heat exchanger shells and cha
43、nnels for elevated temperature service. It applies to vessels that are designed, fabricated, and documented in accordance with ASME Code Section VIII, Division 1 or Division 2 (hereafter referred to as “Code”). This document may also be used as a resource when planning to modify existing pressure ve
44、ssels. The interior surfaces of these pressure vessels and heat exchangers (i.e. the surfaces exposed to the process) may or may not have an austenitic stainless steel (SS), ferritic SS, or nickel alloy weld overlay or cladding to provide additional corrosion resistance. Some 1Cr-Mo and 1Cr-Mo compo
45、nents with thicknesses greater than 4 in. (100 mm) have been shown to have difficulty meeting the Code toughness requirements. This recommended practice is primarily intended for wall thicknesses less than 4 in. (100 mm); a preferred option for thicker components is to use 2Cr-1Mo alloys. This RP is
46、 applicable to shell thicknesses greater than 1 in. (25 mm). Although outside of the scope, this document can be used as a resource for vessels down to lower shell thicknesses with changes defined by the purchaser. This RP is intended for use for 1Cr-Mo and 1Cr-Mo equipment operating between 825 F (
47、440 C) and 1150 F (620 C). The primary in-service materials degradation mechanism addressed by the requirements herein is low creep ductility (LCD) cracking, which can occur at these operating temperatures if not properly addressed. LCD cracking is a form of reheat cracking. In many cases, 1Cr-Mo an
48、d 1Cr-Mo steel equipment being designed for temperatures 825 F (440 C) operate with stresses below the threshold for brittle fracture i.e. below 8 ksi (55 MPa) as reported in API 579-1/ASME FFS-11, or below 10% of ultimate tensile strength as reported in literature. Typical equipment covered by the
49、scope of this RP includes catalytic reforming reactors and fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) unit hot wall reactors. For information on 1Cr-Mo and 1Cr-Mo equipment operating at lower temperature ranges, refer to API RP 934-C. Since hydroprocessing units are typically operated at temperatures lower than 825 F (440 C), the guidelines in this RP (934-E) do not apply to most hydroprocessing units; instead, they are covered by RP 934-A or 934-C. Also, since coke drums typically are more susceptible to fatigue than LCD cracking, this RP excludes coke drum
