1、 GUIDANCE NOTES ON ALTERNATIVE DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENTS FOR FIRE SAFETY JANUARY 2004 (Updated July 2010 see next page) American Bureau of Shipping Incorporated by Act of Legislature of the State of New York 1862 Copyright 2004 American Bureau of Shipping ABS Plaza 16855 Northchase Drive Houston, TX 7
2、7060 USA Updates July 2010 consolidation includes: January 2004 version plus Corrigenda/Editorials ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON ALTERNATIVE DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENTS FOR FIRE SAFETY .2004 iii Foreword Background Fire safety regulations can have a major impact on many aspects of the overall design of ships, in
3、cluding design layout, aesthetics, function, costs, etc. Rapid developments in modern shipbuilding technology have often resulted in unconventional structures and design solutions. As the physical size of ships continuously increases, the complexity of design and functionality also increases. At the
4、 same time, there have been great strides in understanding of fire processes and their interrelationship with humans and ships. Advancement has been particularly rapid in the areas of analytical fire modeling. Several different types of such models, with varying degrees of sophistication, have been
5、developed in recent years and are used by engineers in the design process. The SOLAS regulation II-2/Regulation 17, “Alternative design and arrangements”, along with supporting MSC/Circ. 1002 entered into force on July 1, 2002, allows a methodology to be used for alternative design and arrangements
6、for fire safety. It essentially permits the use of a performance-based fire engineering approach to achieve an equivalent level of safety to the prescriptive requirements for all ship types. This approach focuses on the overall performance of specific arrangements and their ability to meet the fire
7、safety objectives, enabling enhanced flexibility in ship design and allowing for arrangements which traditionally had not been permitted within the prescriptive framework. As a result, the ship design is no longer restricted to the predefined conditions within the regulations. The fire safety measur
8、es can now be chosen to address the specific hazards present in each ship. Instead of prescribing exactly which protective measures are required, the performance of the overall system is presented against a specified set of design objectives (such as stating that satisfactory escape should be affect
9、ed in the event of fire). Fire modeling and evacuation modeling can often be used to assess the effectiveness of the proposed protective measures. MSC/Circ. 1002, “Guidelines on Alternative Design and Arrangements for Fire Safety”, outline the methodology for the engineering analysis required by SOL
10、AS regulation II-2/17, applying to a specific fire safety system, design or arrangements for which the approval of an alternative design deviating from prescriptive requirements of SOLAS Chapter II-2 is sought. However, in MSC/Circ. 1002, little information has been provided for some crucial parts o
11、f fire safety analysis, for example, how to develop the performance criteria and how to select the hazard for analysis. In fact, designers and shipbuilders need the processing guidance on how to carry out the procedures addressed in MSC/Circ. 1002. In response to industry need, ABS has developed the
12、se Guidance Notes on Alternative Design and Arrangements for Fire Safety in order to assist in the understanding of MSC/Circ. 1002. These Guidance Notes not only encapsulate the entire contents of MSC/Circ. 1002, but also provide supplemental materials to further explain the guidelines in MSC/Circ.
13、1002, in particular, in the areas of identifying design fire scenarios, developing trials, selecting design tools for trial alternative designs and developing performance-based criteria, etc. Therefore, these Guidance Notes provide a practical methodology for the situations where an alternative desi
14、gn is being proposed on the premise that it provides the equivalent level of safety to the SOLAS regulations. iv ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON ALTERNATIVE DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENTS FOR FIRE SAFETY .2004 Contents of the Guidance Notes These Guidance Notes follow the section numbering of MSC/Circ. 1002 and provi
15、de explanatory appendices for the issues addressed in those sections. The contents of the Guidance Notes take the following order: Section 1: Application. The purpose and the scope of application of these Guidance Notes are addressed in this Section. Section 2: Definitions. This Section defines the
16、general terms used with specific technical meanings in these Guidance Notes for the purpose of clarification. Some terms which are not listed in MSC/Circ. 1002, but used in these Guidance Notes, are listed in a separate order. Section 3: Engineering Analysis. This Section emphasizes the necessity of
17、 following an established approach for the process of the alternative design and arrangements. This Section also provides two examples of established approaches, and defines the proper phases of process, i.e., preliminary analysis and quantitative analysis. Section 4: Design Team. This Section empha
18、sizes the qualification and the responsibility of the design team acceptable to the Administration. Section 5: Preliminary Analysis in Qualitative Terms. The process of preliminary analysis is outlined in detail in this Section. The Subsections contain a great deal of explanatory material to supplem
19、ent the original section of MSC/Circ. 1002 regarding the definition of scope, the development of fire scenarios, the development of trial alternative designs and the preliminary analysis report. Section 6: Quantitative Analysis. The quantitative analysis is the most labor-intensive from a fire safet
20、y engineering standpoint. It consists of quantifying the design fire scenarios, developing the performance criteria, verifying the acceptability of the selected safety margins and evaluating the performance of trial alternative designs against the prescriptive performance criteria. All of these issu
21、es are discussed in detail in this Section, and some are further discussed in the corresponding Appendices of these Guidance Notes. Section 7: Documentation. This Section lists the necessary steps of documentation for all design processes. Appendix A: Report on the Approval of Alternative Design and
22、 Arrangements for Fire Safety. This Appendix shows the official submittal form for the approval of alternative design and arrangements for fire safety. Appendix B: Document of Approval of Alternative Design and Arrangements for Fire Safety. This Appendix shows the official submittal form for the doc
23、umentation of alternative design and arrangements for fire safety. Appendix C: Technical Reference and Resources. This Appendix emphasizes the necessary requirements of reliable technical references and resources. Some examples of the technical references and resources are provided in this appendix.
24、 Appendix D: Identifying Design Fire Scenarios. This Appendix discusses the methodology to provide minimum design fire scenarios for evaluation of alternative design and arrangements. Two types of the probabilistic and deterministic design techniques are reviewed. Appendix E: Developing Trial Altern
25、ative Designs. This Appendix focuses on how to develop trial alternative designs to represent fire protection system design alternatives developed to address design fire scenarios to achieve the previously established performance requirements. ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON ALTERNATIVE DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENTS
26、 FOR FIRE SAFETY .2004 v Appendix F: Design Tools for Trial Alternative Designs. This Appendix reviews the fundamentals of fire modeling in quantitative fire analysis. It discusses the basics of fire modeling, major assumptions, heat transfer and fire dynamics, explicabilities and limitations of the
27、 fire modeling. The main part of this Appendix is devoted to zone modeling and field (CFD) modeling techniques. The final portion of this Appendix lists some available fire models developed for various fire protection applications. Appendix G: Developing Performance-based Criteria. This Appendix sta
28、tes the effects of life safety and non-life safety criteria on the development of performance criteria. As the consideration of tenability of life safety becomes increasingly important in fire safety design, the effects of various life-threatening hazards are discussed in this Appendix. Appendix H:
29、Example Analysis - Alternative Design and Arrangements for Containership Cargo Spaces. This Appendix provides an example of alternative design for a carbon dioxide fire extinguishing system in a containership cargo hold. This Appendix outlines the procedures to complete the design process and gives
30、step-by-step illustrations on how the equivalent level of fire protection provided by alternative design can be met against the prescriptive regulations and requirements. This Page Intentionally Left Blank ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON ALTERNATIVE DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENTS FOR FIRE SAFETY .2004 vii GUIDANCE NO
31、TES ON ALTERNATIVE DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENTS FOR FIRE SAFETY CONTENTS SECTION 1 Application1 SECTION 2 Definitions.3 SECTION 3 Engineering Analysis.5 1 Process of Alternative Design and Arrangements.5 2 Examples of Acceptable Approaches5 3 Phases of Process.5 SECTION 4 Design Team.7 1 General Requirem
32、ents.7 2 Qualifications .7 3 Responsibility of Design Team 7 4 Setting the Comparison .8 SECTION 5 Preliminary Analysis to Qualitative Terms 9 1 Definitions of Scope.9 1.1 Contents of Scope.9 1.2 Documenting Regulations .11 2 Development of Fire Scenarios .11 2.1 General .11 3 Development of Trial A
33、lternative Designs13 4 Preliminary Analysis Report.13 4.1 Contents of Report13 4.2 Submittal of Report .13 TABLE 1 Examples of Fire Safety Goals 10 viii ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON ALTERNATIVE DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENTS FOR FIRE SAFETY .2004 SECTION 6 Quantitative Analysis 15 1 General 15 1.1 Scope 15 1.2 Ris
34、k Assessment.15 2 Quantification of Design Fire Scenarios 15 2.1 Choosing Models for Quantification.15 2.2 Developing Fire Scenarios 17 2.3 Description of Fire Scenarios 17 2.4 Consequences of Fire Scenarios 17 3 Development of Performance Criteria .17 3.1 General17 3.2 Performance Criteria Based Di
35、rectlyn on SOLAS Chapter II-2 .18 3.3 Performance Criteria Developed from a Commonly Used Acceptable Prescriptive Design .18 3.4 Specific Performance Criteria and Safety Margins 19 3.5 Impact on Areas not Specifically Part of the Alternative Design .19 3.6 Evaluation19 4 Evaluation of Trial Alternat
36、ive Designs19 4.1 Process Flowchart.19 4.2 Analysis of Trial Design.19 4.3 Level of Engineering Analysis .20 4.4 Final Alternative Design and Arrangements 20 FIGURE 1 Alternative Design and Arrangements Process Flowchart20 SECTION 7 Documentation. 21 1 Basic Requirements.21 1.1 Scope of the Analysis
37、 or Design21 1.2 Description of Alternative Design(s) or Arrangement(s) .21 1.3 Results of Preliminary Analysis .22 1.4 Results of Quantitative Analysis22 2 Documentation of Approval .23 3 Reporting and Approval Forms23 3.1 Report23 3.2 Documentation 23 4 Reference in SOLAS Certificates 23 APPENDIX
38、1 Report on the Approval of Alternative Design and Arrangements for Fire Safety . 25 APPENDIX 2 Document of Approval of Alternative Design and Arrangements for Fire Safety . 27 ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON ALTERNATIVE DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENTS FOR FIRE SAFETY .2004 ix APPENDIX 3 Technical References and Resou
39、rces .29 APPENDIX 4 Identifying Design Fire Scenarios 31 1 General 31 2 Identifying Design Fire Scenarios31 3 Probabilistic Design .32 3.1 Background.32 3.2 Basic Probabilistic Techniques33 3.3 Data Required.36 3.4 Common Mode Failures37 4 Deterministic Design38 4.1 Background.38 5 Design Fire Curve
40、s 40 6 Design Fire Scenarios in NFPA 10142 FIGURE 1 Fault Tree and Gate for Case when Lower-level Events are Dependent .35 FIGURE 2 Fault Tree and Gate for Case when Lower-level Events are Independent.36 FIGURE 3 Event Tree36 FIGURE 4 Phases of a Design Fire Curve41 APPENDIX 5 Developing Trial Alter
41、native Designs.43 1 General 43 2 Functional Statements, Performance Requirements and Trial Designs 43 3 Subsystems .45 3.1 Fire Initiation and Development.45 3.2 Spread, Control and Management of Smoke 45 3.3 Fire Detection and Alarm 46 3.4 Automatic Fire Suppression Systems .46 3.5 Human Behavior a
42、nd Egress 47 3.6 Passive Fire Protection .47 4 Fire Safety Concept Tree (FSCT)48 5 References.52 TABLE 1 Examples of Objectives, Functional Statements and Performance Requirements.44 FIGURE 1 Top Gate of FSCT48 FIGURE 2 Prevent Fire Ignition Branch of FSCT49 FIGURE 3 Logic Symbols Used in FSCT49 FIG
43、URE 4 Major Branch of Manage Fire Impact 49 FIGURE 5 Manage Fire Branch of FSCT50 FIGURE 6 Manage Exposed Branch of FSCT 51 x ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON ALTERNATIVE DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENTS FOR FIRE SAFETY .2004 FIGURE 7 Fire Prevent in a Computer Facility51 FIGURE 8 Administration Action Guide.52 APPENDIX
44、 6 Design Tools for Trial Alternative Designs . 53 1 Introduction 53 2 Zone Models 54 2.1 Basic Concepts .54 2.2 Model Assumptions .55 2.3 Fires 55 2.4 Heat Transfer 55 2.5 Vent Flow 56 2.6 Plumes and Layers56 2.7 Species Concentrations and Depositions56 2.8 Predictive Equations57 2.9 Limitations of
45、 Zone models58 2.10 Current Available Models 58 2.11 Model Selection.60 3 Field Models.61 3.1 Basic Concepts .61 3.2 Model Requirements .61 3.3 Boundary and Initial Conditions.64 3.4 Current Available Models 65 3.5 Limitations of Field Models66 3.6 Comparisons between Field Models and Zone Models.66
46、 4 Other Special-purpose Programs 67 4.1 Egress Models.67 4.2 Smoke Control Models 68 4.3 Fire Endurance Models .68 4.4 Fire Detection Models .70 4.5 Fire Suppression Models.70 4.6 Fire Models from NIST 70 5 References.71 FIGURE 1 Control Volumes Selected in Zone Modeling.54 APPENDIX 7 Developing Pe
47、rformance-based Criteria . 73 1 Effects of Life Safety Criteria .73 1.1 Effects of Toxicity 73 1.2 Effects of Smoke .74 1.3 Effects of Radiant Heat74 1.4 Egress Analysis.74 1.5 Effects of Fire Extinguishing Agents on Occupants.74 2 Establishing Performance-based Criteria for Life Safety.75 2.1 Heat.
48、75 2.2 Visibility .75 ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON ALTERNATIVE DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENTS FOR FIRE SAFETY .2004 xi 2.3 Egress.75 2.4 Toxicity76 2.5 Performance-based Criteria 76 3 Non-life Safety Criteria.76 3.1 Thermal Effects.76 3.2 Fire Spreads .76 3.3 Smoke Damage 76 3.4 Fire Barrier Damage and Structural
49、Integrity.77 3.5 Damage to Exposed Properties 77 3.6 Damage to the Environment .77 4 References.77 APPENDIX 8 Alternative Design and Example Analysis Arrangements for Containership Cargo Spaces .79 Introduction .79 Goals of Design 79 Objectives of Design.80 Rule Requirements of Carbon Dioxide Systems 80 Performance Criteria.81 Trial Alternative Design and Arrangements81 Identification of Fire Hazards 82 1. Sources of hazards: 82 2. Consequence82 3. Mitigation.82 Specification of Design Fire Scenarios.82 Characteristics of fires.82 Geometry.83 Quantity of Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Me
