1、 Guide for Nondestructive Inspection of Hull Welds GUIDE FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION OF HULL WELDS FEBRUARY 2018 American Bureau of Shipping Incorporated by Act of Legislature of the State of New York 1862 2018 American Bureau of Shipping. All rights reserved. ABS Plaza 16855 Northchase Drive Hous
2、ton, TX 77060 USA Foreword Foreword (1 February 2018) This Guide for Nondestructive Inspection of Hull Welds was originally published in 1975 and subsequently updated in 1986, 2002, 2011, and 2017. This Guide introduces details of inspection criteria and inspection techniques, which are considered a
3、s being widely recognized by the industry as a reliable means of inspection of structure members and their welds during the construction of surface vessels and other related marine and offshore structures. The 2017 edition incorporated a new Section 4 with criteria for Phased Array Ultrasonic Testin
4、g (PAUT). PAUT has become a common nondestructive testing method in use in shipyards for marine and offshore structures across the world, as it provides quicker examination than conventional UT technique for complex geometries. The February 2018 edition incorporates a new Section 5 for Time of Fligh
5、t Diffraction (TOFD) ultrasonic inspection. The TOFD ultrasonic examination technique can provide improved detection and sizing capabilities of discontinuities compared to standard ultrasonic pulse-echo techniques. Both PAUT and TOFD produce a permanent record of the inspection in electronic format.
6、 It is intended that this Guide is continually published as a Guide, rather than Rules, in order to collect more feedback from industry during its use and be able to reflect this feedback back into the Guide in a timely manner. Upon completion of this further calibration period, the Guide is to be p
7、ublished as the Rules for Nondestructive Inspection of Hull Welds. This Guide becomes effective on the first day of the month of publication. Users are advised to check periodically on the ABS website www.eagle.org to verify that this version of this Guide is the most current. We welcome your feedba
8、ck. Comments or suggestions can be sent electronically by email to rsdeagle.org. ii ABSGUIDE FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION OF HULL WELDS .2018 Table of Contents GUIDE FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION OF HULL WELDS CONTENTS SECTION 1 General 1 1 Preparation for Inspection . 1 1.1 Weld Surface Appearance
9、 . 1 1.3 Visual Inspection of Welds 1 1.5 Inspection for Delayed (Hydrogen Induced) Cracking . 1 3 Methods of Inspection . 2 5 Personnel 2 5.1 NDT Trainee 3 5.3 NDT Level I . 3 5.5 NDT Level II 3 5.7 NDT Level III . 4 7 NDT Procedures and Techniques 4 9 Acceptance Criteria . 4 11 Documentation 5 13
10、References of Qualification/Certification Standards and Recommended Practices/Guidelines 5 15 Nondestructive Testing Terminology 5 SECTION 2 Radiographic Inspection . 6 1 General . 6 3 Surface Condition . 6 3.1 General 6 3.3 Cause for Rejection . 6 5 Radiographic Procedure . 6 5.1 Personnel 6 5.3 Te
11、chnique 6 5.5 Film Identification 7 5.7 Radiography Quality Level 7 5.9 Image Quality Indicator (IQI) . 9 5.11 Radiographic Density 12 5.13 Radiographic Film Quality . 13 5.15 Radiographic Film Interpretation . 13 7 Storage of Radiographs 13 7.1 General 13 7.3 Temperature and Humidity Control . 13 7
12、.5 Documentation and Filing System . 13 ABSGUIDE FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION OF HULL WELDS .2018 iii 9 Report . 14 11 Digital Imaging Systems . 14 11.1 General 14 11.3 Procedure and Report . 14 11.5 Record . 15 13 Extent of Radiographic Inspection 15 13.1 General 15 13.3 Surface Vessels . 15 13.5
13、Other Marine and Offshore Structures . 15 15 Location of Radiographic Inspection . 16 15.1 General 16 15.3 Surface Vessels . 16 15.5 Other Marine and Offshore Structures . 16 17 Acceptance Criteria for Radiographic Inspection 16 17.1 Applicability 16 19 Treatment of Welds with Non-conforming Indicat
14、ions 16 19.1 General 16 19.3 Extent of Indication at One Location 16 19.5 Extent of Indication at the End of a Radiograph 16 19.7 Additional Inspection 17 21 References 17 TABLE 1 Material and Inspection Method 7 TABLE 2 Geometric Unsharpness Ug8 TABLE 3 Hole-type IQI Selection . 10 TABLE 4 Wire IQI
15、 Selection . 10 TABLE 5 ASTM Wire IQI Designation, Wire Diameter and Wire Identity . 11 TABLE 6 ISO Wire IQI Designation, Wire Diameter and Wire Identity 11 FIGURE 1 Geometric Unsharpness . 9 SECTION 3 Ultrasonic Inspection . 18 1 General . 18 3 Ultrasonic Procedure 18 3.1 Personnel 18 3.3 Technique
16、 19 3.5 Calibration Blocks 19 3.7 Ultrasonic Equipment . 19 3.9 Calibration for Examination 21 3.11 Weld Inspection . 22 3.13 Ultrasonic Inspection Reports 23 5 Extent of Ultrasonic Inspection . 24 5.1 Checkpoints . 24 5.3 Ship-Type Vessels . 24 5.5 Other Marine and Offshore Structures . 24 iv ABSGU
17、IDE FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION OF HULL WELDS .2018 7 Location of Ultrasonic Inspection 25 7.1 General 25 9 Acceptance Criteria for Ultrasonic Inspection . 25 9.1 Applicability . 25 11 Treatment of Welds with Non-conforming Indications 25 11.1 General 25 11.3 Discontinuity Extent . 25 13 Ultrasoni
18、c Inspection of Full Penetration Tee and Corner Joints . 26 15 References 26 FIGURE 1A IIW Reference Block Type US-1 . 28 FIGURE 1B Type MAB Miniature Angle-Beam Reference Block . 29 FIGURE 1C Type DSC Distance and Sensitivity Reference Block . 29 FIGURE 1D IIW Type RC Reference Block 30 FIGURE 2 Ba
19、sic Calibration Block . 30 FIGURE 3 Scanning Procedure for Welds not Ground Flush 31 FIGURE 4 Typical Ultrasonic Report Form 32 SECTION 4 Phased Array Ultrasonic Inspection . 33 1 General . 33 3 Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing Procedure . 33 3.1 Technique 33 3.3 Terminology . 33 3.5 Personnel 34 3.7
20、 Calibration Blocks 34 3.9 Phased Array Ultrasonic Equipment 34 3.11 Calibration for Examination . 35 3.13 Phased Array Procedure Requirements 36 3.15 Demonstration Blocks . 39 3.17 Phased Array Inspection Reports 39 3.19 Permanent Record 40 5 Location and Extent of PAUT . 40 7 Sizing Techniques . 4
21、0 9 Acceptance Criteria for PAUT . 40 11 References 40 SECTION 5 Ultrasonic Inspection Using Time-of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD) . 42 1 General . 42 3 Materials 42 5 Personnel 42 7 Terms and Definitions . 43 9 Surface Condition and Couplants . 43 11 Equipment Requirements . 43 11.1 General 43 11.3 Ele
22、ctronics . 44 11.5 Data Display and Recording 44 ABSGUIDE FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION OF HULL WELDS .2018 v 11.7 Probes . 44 11.9 Mechanics . 46 13 Sensitivity of Detection 46 13.1 General 46 13.3 Reference Block 47 13.5 Examples of Reference Block Design 47 15 Data Acquisition and Data Quality 47
23、 15.1 Geometry Considerations 47 15.3 Scan Increment Setting . 48 15.5 Data Quality . 48 17 Flaw Classification 48 19 Flaw Sizing 48 19.1 General 48 19.3 Flaw Depth 49 19.5 Flaw Height 49 19.7 Flaw Length . 50 19.9 Limitations . 50 21 Acceptance Criteria . 50 23 Reporting . 50 25 References 51 TABLE
24、 1 Suggested Zones for Wall Thicknesses Up to 300 mm (12 in.) . 45 FIGURE 1 Schematic of a TOFD Configuration and Signals . 44 FIGURE 2 Reference Block for Single TOFD Pair . 45 FIGURE 3 Reference Block for Multiple TOFD Pairs . 46 FIGURE 4 Reference Block Thickness 47 FIGURE 5 Flaw Depth 49 FIGURE
25、6 Flaw Height . 50 SECTION 6 Liquid Penetrant . 52 1 General . 52 3 Surface Condition . 52 3.1 General 52 3.3 Cause for Rejection . 52 5 Liquid Penetrant Procedure 52 5.1 General 52 5.3 Personnel 52 5.5 Technique 52 5.7 Procedure 53 7 Examination 53 7.1 General 53 7.3 Final Examination 53 7.5 Visibl
26、e Penetrant Examination . 53 7.7 Fluorescent Penetrant Examination . 54 9 Extent of Liquid Penetrant Inspection . 54 vi ABSGUIDE FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION OF HULL WELDS .2018 11 Acceptance Criteria for Liquid Penetrant Inspection 54 13 Treatment of Welds with Non-conforming Indications 54 13.1 G
27、eneral 54 15 Post-Cleaning . 54 17 References 55 SECTION 7 Magnetic Particle Inspection . 56 1 General . 56 3 Surface Condition . 56 3.1 General 56 3.3 Cause for Rejection . 56 5 Magnetic Particle Procedure . 56 5.1 General 56 5.3 Personnel 56 5.5 Technique 56 5.7 Equipment . 57 5.9 Visible Particle
28、 Inspection 58 5.11 Fluorescent Particle Inspection . 58 7 Extent of Magnetic Particle Inspection 59 9 Acceptance Criteria for Magnetic Particle Inspection . 59 11 Treatment of Welds with Non-conforming Indications 59 11.1 General 59 13 Demagnetization . 59 13.1 General 59 13.3 Residual Magnetism 59
29、 15 Post-cleaning 59 17 References 59 SECTION 8 Alternating Current Field Measurement Technique (ACFMT) 60 1 General . 60 3 Surface Condition . 60 5 ACFMT Testing Procedure . 60 5.1 Personnel 60 7 Technique . 60 7.1 General 60 7.3 Calibration . 60 9 Capability and Performance Check of the Equipment
30、61 9.1 Instrument Settings . 61 9.3 Equipment Performance Check . 61 9.5 Flaw Sizing 62 9.7 Instrument and Probe Settings Check . 62 11 Extent of ACFMT Inspection . 62 13 References 62 FIGURE 1 Example Bx and Bz Traces as a Probe Passes Over a Crack . 63 ABSGUIDE FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION OF HUL
31、L WELDS .2018 vii SECTION 9 Eddy Current (EC) Inspection . 64 1 General . 64 3 Surface Condition . 64 5 EC Testing Procedure . 64 5.1 Personnel 64 7 Technique . 64 7.1 General 64 7.3 Calibration . 64 9 EC Application 65 11 Extent of EC Inspection 65 13 References 65 SECTION 10 Acceptance Criteria fo
32、r Hull Welds . 66 1 General . 66 3 Applicable Criteria . 66 3.1 Surface Vessels Class A Criteria 66 3.3 Surface Vessels Class B Criteria 66 3.5 Other Marine and Offshore Structures . 66 5 Evaluation from Visual Inspection (VT), Magnetic Inspection (MT) and Liquid Penetrant Inspection (PT) . 66 5.1 S
33、hape 66 5.3 Flaw Indications (MT) 66 5.5 Evaluation from Surface Inspection . 67 7 Evaluation from Radiographic Inspection . 68 7.1 Cracks . 68 7.3 Incomplete Fusion or Incomplete Penetration . 68 7.5 Slag . 68 7.7 Porosity 68 7.9 Multiple Indications 69 7.11 Undercut 69 9 Evaluation from Ultrasonic
34、 Inspection 69 9.1 Class A 69 9.3 Class B 70 FIGURE 1 Class A and Class B Incomplete Fusion and Incomplete Penetration Acceptable Length 71 FIGURE 2 Class A Slag Acceptable Length 72 FIGURE 3 Class B Slag Acceptable Length 73 FIGURE 4 Class A and Class B Porosity Chart for 6.2 mm (0.25 in.) Thick Ma
35、terial 75 FIGURE 5 Class A and Class B Porosity Chart for 9.5 mm (0.375 in.) Thick Material 76 FIGURE 6 Class A and Class B Porosity Chart for 12.5 mm (0.5 in.) Thick Material 77 FIGURE 7 Class A and Class B Porosity Chart for 19.0 mm (0.75 in.) Thick Material 78 viii ABSGUIDE FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE INS
36、PECTION OF HULL WELDS .2018 FIGURE 8 Class A and Class B Porosity Chart for 25 mm (1.0 in.) Thick Material 79 FIGURE 9 Class A and Class B Porosity Chart for 38.0 mm (1.5 in.) Thick Material 80 FIGURE 10 Class A and Class B Porosity Chart for 50 mm (2.0 in.) Thick Material 81 FIGURE 11 Class A Maxim
37、um Acceptable Lengths for Ultrasonic Flaw Indications Greater than DRL . 82 FIGURE 12 Class B Maximum Acceptable Lengths for Ultrasonic Flaw Indications Greater than DRL . 83 APPENDIX 1 Guidance for Radiographic (RT) and Ultrasonic (UT) Inspection of Hull Welds 85 1 Purpose of ABS Guide for Nondestr
38、uctive Inspection of Hull Welds 85 3 Choice of Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Method . 85 5 Extent and Location of RT or UT 86 APPENDIX 2 Guidance for Ultrasonic Inspection 88 1 Ultrasonic Inspection of Full Penetration Tee and Corner Welds . 88 1.1 General 88 1.3 Inspection of Plate Prior to Welding
39、88 1.5 Ultrasonic Testing Procedure After Welding 88 1.7 Plate Discontinuities Detected After Welding 88 1.9 Acceptance Criteria . 88 1.11 Alternate Acceptance Criteria 89 1.13 Applicability of Acceptance Criteria . 89 3 Ultrasonic Inspection of Welds in Thin Plate Less Than 8 mm (5/16 in.) 89 3.1 S
40、election of Probe Dimensions . 89 FIGURE 1 Ultrasonic Inspection of Tee and Corner Welds . 90 FIGURE 2 Near Zone Positions for 12.5 mm (1/2 in.) Diameter Element and 6.4 mm (1/4 in.) Diameter Element Probes . 90 FIGURE 3 Nearest Proximity Restrictions with Large Probe Dimensions . 90 FIGURE 4 Probe
41、Beam Pressure Maps Normalized to the 6.4 mm (1/4 in.) Diameter Element . 91 FIGURE 5 Probe Beam Surface Pressure Maps . 91 APPENDIX 3 Guidance for Monitoring Underwater Inspections 92 1 General . 92 1.1 Visual Inspection . 92 1.3 Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) 92 1.5 Alternative and Supplementary ND
42、T Methods 93 1.7 Ultrasonic Thickness Gauging . 93 1.9 Reporting . 93 ABSGUIDE FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION OF HULL WELDS .2018 ix FIGURE 1 Checklist for Underwater Inspection . 94 FIGURE 2 Preplanning Checklist . 95 FIGURE 3 Visual Inspection . 96 FIGURE 4 Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) . 97 FIGUR
43、E 5 Ultrasonic Thickness Gauging 98 FIGURE 6 Reporting Requirements . 99 APPENDIX 4 Guidance Criteria for Nondestructive Tests Not Required by ABS . 100 1 General . 100 APPENDIX 5 Inspection of Hot-dip Galvanizing . 101 x ABSGUIDE FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION OF HULL WELDS .2018 Section 1: General
44、SECTION 1 General 1 Preparation for Inspection (1 September 2011) 1.1 Weld Surface Appearance Welding in hull construction is to comply with the requirements of Section 2-4-1 “Hull Construction” of the ABS Rules for Materials and Welding (Part 2) and IACS Recommendation No. 47 “Shipbuilding and Repa
45、ir Quality Standard”. Methods used for preparing and cleaning welds and nondestructive test procedures are to be to the satisfaction of the Surveyor. Slag is to be removed from all completed welds. All welds and adjacent base metal are to be cleaned by wire brushing or by any other suitable means pr
46、ior to inspection. Surface conditions that prevent proper interpretation may be cause for rejection of the weld area of interest. 1.3 Visual Inspection of Welds Welds are to be visually inspected to the satisfaction of the Surveyor. Visual inspection acceptance criteria are contained in Section 10 o
47、f this Guide. Visual inspections of welds may begin immediately after the completed welds have cooled to ambient temperature. However, delayed cracking is a concern for extra high-strength steels, 415 N/mm2(42 kgf/mm2, 60,000 psi) yield strength or greater. When welding these high-strength steels, t
48、he final visual inspection is to be performed not less than 48 hours after completion of the weld and removal of preheat. Refer to 1/1.5 below for requirements for delayed cracking inspection. 1.5 Inspection for Delayed (Hydrogen Induced) Cracking (1 July 2017) 1.5.1 Time of Inspection Nondestructiv
49、e testing of weldments in steels of 415 N/mm2(42 kgf/mm2, 60,000 psi) minimum specified yield strength or greater is to be conducted at a suitable interval after welds have been completed and cooled to ambient temperature. The following guidance of interval is to be used, unless specially approved otherwise: Minimum 48 hours of interval time for steels of 415 MPa (42 kgf/mm2, 60,000 psi) minimum specified yield strength or greater but less than 620 MPa (63 kgf/mm2, 90,000 psi) minimum specified yield strength. Minimum 72 hours of interval time for steel greater than or e
