1、 Guidance Notes on Fire-Fighting Systems GUIDANCE NOTES ON FIRE-FIGHTING SYSTEMS MAY 2005 (Updated February 2014 see next page) American Bureau of Shipping Incorporated by Act of Legislature of the State of New York 1862 Copyright 2005 American Bureau of Shipping ABS Plaza 16855 Northchase Drive Hou
2、ston, TX 77060 USA Updates February 2014 consolidation includes: June 2005 version plus Corrigenda/Editorials June 2005 consolidation includes: May 2005 version plus Corrigenda/Editorials ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON FIRE-FIGHTING SYSTEMS .2005 iii Foreword Foreword Purpose The ABS Rules incorporate many re
3、quirements intended to prevent the onset of a fire. However, even with all the preventative measures taken, shipboard fires still occur. Therefore, the proper design, installation and operation of the vessels fire-fighting systems are critical to the safety of a vessel and the personnel onboard. Sin
4、ce fire-fighting systems are so critical, the designs and arrangements of such systems should be carefully evaluated for compliance with the ABS requirements by the designer and ABS Engineering staffs. These Guidance Notes have been developed to assist in a better understanding of the ABS requiremen
5、ts for such systems. They are intended to provide a general overview of ABS requirements that should be considered during technical plan review activities. These Guidance Notes also examine the basic scientific fundamentals of fire, as appropriate for a proper understanding and application of the AB
6、S requirements. Accordingly, this document should be considered as general guidance only and the technical reviews of fire-fighting systems should verify compliance with all ABS Rules applicable to the specific vessel involved. Note: Rule references in these Guidance Notes (e.g. 4-7-2/1.1.1, etc.) a
7、re typically to the requirements found in the ABS Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels, unless noted otherwise. Scope The scope of this document is limited to the review of ABS requirements considered during the technical plan review of active fire-fighting systems onboard ABS-classed vesse
8、ls. Passive fire protection arrangements, such as structural fire protection, as well as fire detection systems, are outside the scope of this document. Fire-fighting systems of offshore facilities and installations are also outside the scope of this document. The review of fire-fighting systems for
9、 the International Maritime Organizations (IMOs) International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) requirements is also not within the scope of this document. However, in many cases, the ABS Rules for fire-fighting systems either incorporate or directly reference IMO SOLAS fire-fighting
10、 system requirements. Accordingly, within the discussions of the ABS requirements for various fire-fighting systems, related “interpretations” of the associated SOLAS requirements, as developed by the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS), are identified. These IACS interpreta
11、tions are called Unified Interpretations (UI). As an IACS member, ABS is obligated to apply these UIs as appropriate interpretations of the SOLAS requirements, unless directed otherwise by the Flag Administration. Interpretations provided in the UIs should be considered when conducting technical pla
12、n reviews. Note: Development of appropriate Unified Interpretations and revision of existing UIs is an ongoing effort within the IACS Working Parties. Therefore, attention is directed to the latest edition of the IACS UI being available on the website http:/www.iacs.org.uk/index1.htm. In addition to
13、 the IACS UIs, IMO MSC Circular 847, “Interpretations of Vague Expressions and other Vague Wording in SOLAS Consolidated Edition 1997 Chapter II-2,” also provides guidance regarding SOLAS fire-fighting system requirements. Many of the MSC Circular 847 interpretations are based upon the IACS UI inter
14、pretations, while others provide revised or additional interpretations of the SOLAS requirements. A number of the MSC Circular 847 interpretations have been included in the SOLAS 2000 consolidated edition. Consequently, these requirements were also incorporated into the ABS Rules. However, since the
15、 MSC Circular 847 interpretations identify useful information and guidance relative to certain Rule requirements, “selected” IMO MSC Circular 847 interpretations have also been identified. Note: Regarding classification requirements, MSC Circular 847 interpretations which are not included within SOL
16、AS have not necessarily been officially adopted by ABS and should only be applied as directed by the ABS Technical Consistency Department. Further, MSC Circular 847 interpretations may not be mandatory for any particular Flag Administration, except for those incorporated within SOLAS. Member Governm
17、ents are only invited to use the annexed interpretations as guidance, and therefore, specific instructions from the ABS Regulatory Affairs Department should be obtained regarding the application of these interpretations on behalf of any particular Administration. iv ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON FIRE-FIGHTIN
18、G SYSTEMS .2005 Table of Contents GUIDANCE NOTES ON FIRE-FIGHTING SYSTEMS CONTENTS SECTION 1 Basics of a Fire . 1 1 Chemistry of Fire . 1 1.1 Oxidation . 1 1.2 State of Products in “Fire” Oxidation Process 1 2 Fundamentals of a Fire . 2 3 The Fire Triangle . 2 3.1 Fuel 3 3.2 Oxygen 4 3.3 Heat . 5 4
19、The Fire Tetrahedron 5 5 Extinguishment Considering the Fire Tetrahedron . 5 5.1 Removing the Fuel . 6 5.2 Removing the Oxygen . 6 5.3 Eliminating the Heat . 6 5.4 Breaking the Chain Reaction . 7 6 Hazardous/Combustible Materials 7 6.1 Flames . 7 6.2 Heat . 7 6.3 Gases 8 6.4 Smoke . 8 FIGURE 1 The F
20、ire Triangle . 2 FIGURE 2 The Fire Tetrahedron 5 SECTION 2 Classification of Fires 9 1 Overview . 9 2 Class “A” Fires 10 2.1 Wood and Wood-based Materials 10 2.2 Textiles and Fibers 11 2.3 Plastics and Rubber . 12 2.4 Locations of Class “A” Materials Onboard . 13 2.5 Extinguishment of Class “A” Fire
21、s 14 3 Class “B” Fires 14 3.1 Flammable Liquids . 14 3.2 Flammable Gases 16 ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON FIRE-FIGHTING SYSTEMS .2005 v 4 Class “C” Fires 18 4.1 Types of Equipment 18 4.2 Electrical Faults that Cause Fires 19 4.3 Hazards of Electrical Fires . 19 4.4 Locations of Electrical Equipment Onboard .
22、 19 4.5 Extinguishment of Class “C” Fires . 20 5 Class “D” Fires 20 5.1 Hazards/Characteristics of Specific Metals . 20 5.2 Locations of Class “D” Materials Onboard . 21 5.3 Extinguishment of Class “D” Fires . 21 TABLE 1 Fire Classifications 9 TABLE 2 Burning Characteristics of Synthetic Fibers 12 S
23、ECTION 3 Fire Main Systems 22 1 General Principles of the Fire Main System . 22 2 Extinguishing Capabilities of Water 22 3 Moving Water to the Fire . 22 3.1 Straight Streams 23 3.2 Fog Streams 26 4 ABS Requirements for Fire Main Systems . 28 4.1 Main Fire Pumps . 28 4.2 Emergency Fire Pump . 31 4.3
24、Fire Main Sizing and System Pressures 33 4.4 Fire Hose Reaction 35 4.5 Isolation Valves and Routing Arrangements 36 4.6 Fire Main Piping Components/Materials 36 4.7 Hydrant Locations and Fire Hoses/Nozzles . 37 4.8 International Shore Connection Arrangements 39 4.9 Cold Weather Protection . 39 4.10
25、Additional Requirements for Vessels with Automation Notations . 40 4.11 Alternative Requirements for Steel Vessels Under 90 Meters in Length and less than 1000 Gross Tons . 40 4.12 Additional Requirements for Oil and Fuel Oil Carriers . 40 4.13 Additional Requirements for Passenger Vessels . 41 4.14
26、 Additional/Alternative Requirements for Ro-Ro Vessels . 43 4.15 Additional/Alternative Requirements for Gas Carriers . 43 4.16 Steel Vessels Under 90 Meters (295 feet) in Length . 44 4.17 High-Speed Craft . 45 4.18 Cargo Vessels for River Service 48 4.19 Additional Requirements for Passenger Vessel
27、s in River Service 49 4.20 Motor Pleasure Yachts 50 4.21 Fishing Vessels . 51 4.22 Accommodation Barges 51 vi ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON FIRE-FIGHTING SYSTEMS .2005 TABLE 1 Water Discharge Rates . 24 TABLE 2 Horizontal Reach of Water Streams . 25 TABLE 3 Dimensions of International Shore Connection 39 TAB
28、LE 4 Cross-reference of Under 90 Meter Rules Requirements 44 TABLE 5 Pump Capacities . 45 SECTION 4 Fixed Gas Fire-extinguishing Systems . 54 1 Principles of Fixed Gas Fire-extinguishing Systems 54 2 CO2Fire-extinguishing Systems . 54 2.1 Agent Characteristics . 54 2.2 Effectiveness . 54 2.3 CO2Syst
29、em Applications . 55 3 ABS Requirements for Fixed Gas Extinguishing Systems . 55 3.1 General Requirements . 55 3.2 Additional Requirements for Fixed CO2Gas Extinguishing Systems . 61 3.3 Additional Control Requirements for CO2Systems 63 3.4 Additional Requirements for Low Pressure CO2Systems . 64 3.
30、5 Additional Requirements for Vessels Receiving an “ACCU” Automation Notation 66 3.6 Governmental Authorization 66 3.7 Steam Smothering Systems 66 3.8 Halon Systems 67 3.9 Requirements for Systems using Halon “Alternatives” . 67 3.10 Additional/Alternative Requirements for Special Locations 67 TABLE
31、 1 Minimum Pipe Wall Thickness of Gas Medium Distribution Piping 56 TABLE 2 CO2Requirements 62 SECTION 5 Fixed Water Fire-extinguishing Systems . 70 1 General Principles of Fixed Water Fire-extinguishing Systems 70 1.1 Water Spray System 70 1.2 Water Sprinkler Systems . 71 1.3 Water Mist Systems . 7
32、1 2 ABS Requirements for Fixed Water Spray, Water Sprinkler, and Water Mist Systems 72 2.1 General System Component Requirements 72 2.2 Fixed Water Spray Systems in Machinery Spaces 73 2.3 Fixed Water Sprinkler Systems in Accommodation Spaces 75 2.4 Fixed Water Spray Systems in Ro-Ro Spaces 79 2.5 F
33、ixed Water Mist Systems in Machinery Spaces and Cargo Pump Rooms . 81 2.6 Fixed Water Mist Systems in Accommodation and Service Spaces . 85 ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON FIRE-FIGHTING SYSTEMS .2005 vii SECTION 6 Foam Fire-extinguishing Systems 90 1 Foam . 90 2 General Principals of Foam Extinguishing Systems
34、 . 90 2.1 Extinguishing Effects of Foam . 90 2.2 Foam Characteristics 90 2.3 Types of Foams . 91 2.4 Limitations on the Use of Foam . 93 2.5 Advantages of Foam . 93 2.6 Basic Guidelines for Foam 94 2.7 Foam System Equipment 94 2.8 Foam Fire Fighting Application Techniques 97 3 ABS Requirements for F
35、oam Extinguishing Systems 98 3.1 General Requirements Applicable to All Foam Systems . 98 3.2 Additional Requirements for “Oil Carrier” Deck Foam Systems . 99 3.3 Additional Requirements for “Chemical Carrier” Deck Foam Systems . 104 3.4 Additional Requirements for Fixed High Expansion Foam Systems
36、in Machinery Spaces 108 3.5 Additional Requirements for Supplementary Fixed Low Expansion Foam Systems in Machinery Spaces . 109 3.6 Additional Requirements for Helicopter Landing Facilities 110 TABLE 1 System Capacity . 110 FIGURE 1 Calculation of Foam System Capacity Oil Carrier . 103 FIGURE 2 Cal
37、culation of Foam System Capacity Chemical Tankers . 107 SECTION 7 Gas Carrier Cargo Area Fire-extinguishing Systems 112 1 Unique Hazards of Fires Onboard Gas Carriers 112 1.1 Flammability 112 2 General Principles of Cargo Deck Dry Chemical Extinguishing System 113 2.1 Extinguishing Effects of Dry Ch
38、emical . 113 3 ABS Requirements for Fire Fighting Systems Onboard Gas Carriers . 114 3.1 Dry Chemical Powder Fire Extinguishing Systems 114 3.2 Cargo Area Water Spray Systems 116 3.3 Fire Main System 117 3.4 Cargo Pump/Compressor Room Fixed CO2Fire Extinguishing System 117 TABLE 1 Fixed Monitor Requ
39、irements . 114 SECTION 8 Portable/Semi-portable Fire Extinguishers 118 1 Portable and Semi-portable Fire Extinguishers 118 1.1 Water-type Fire Extinguishers . 118 1.2 Foam-type Fire Extinguishers 120 viii ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON FIRE-FIGHTING SYSTEMS .2005 1.3 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fire Extinguishers 12
40、1 1.4 Dry Chemical-type Fire Extinguishers 121 1.5 Dry Powder-type Fire Extinguishers 122 1.6 Portable Fire Extinguishers 123 1.7 Semi-portable Fire Extinguishers . 123 1.8 Fire Extinguisher Designations 123 2 ABS Requirements for Portable/Semi-portable Fire Extinguishers. 124 2.1 Sizing of Portable
41、 Extinguishers 124 2.2 Approval of Portable and Semi-portable Extinguishers 124 2.3 Spaces Containing Boilers (Main or Auxiliary), Oil-fired Equipment . 124 2.4 Category “A” Machinery Spaces Containing Internal Combustion Machinery 126 2.5 Combined Boiler and Internal Combustion Engine Machinery Spa
42、ces . 127 2.6 Spaces Containing Steam Turbines or Steam Engines . 127 2.7 Portable/Semi-portable Fire Extinguishers in Other Machinery Spaces . 128 2.8 Accommodations, Service Spaces and Control Stations . 128 2.9 Fire Protection Arrangements for Paint Lockers 130 2.10 Fire Protection Arrangements f
43、or Helicopter Landing Areas 130 2.11 Vessels with Automation Designation “ACCU” 130 2.12 Additional Requirements for Ro-Ro Spaces, Ro-Ro Spaces Carrying Motor Vehicles with Fuel in Their Tanks, and Cargo Spaces Carrying Motor Vehicles with Fuel in Their Tanks (other than Ro-Ro Spaces) 130 2.13 Addit
44、ional Requirements for Vessels Carrying Dangerous Goods 131 2.14 Additional Requirements for Chemical Carriers . 131 2.15 Vessels Under 90 Meters (295 Feet) . 131 2.16 Oil Carriers Under 30.5 Meters (100 Feet) 132 2.17 Spare Charges 132 TABLE 1 Portable/Semi-portable Extinguisher Classifications 123
45、 TABLE 2 Spaces Containing Boilers or Oil-fired Equipment 126 TABLE 3 Combined Boiler/Internal Combustion Engine Machinery Spaces 127 TABLE 4 Portable/Semi-portable Extinguishers Vessels Under 90 meters 131 SECTION 9 Additional Fire Protection Requirements . 133 1 Segregation of Fuel Oil Purifiers f
46、or Heated Oil 133 2 Segregation of High Pressure Hydraulic Units . 134 3 Requirements for Piping Systems Handling Oil 134 3.1 Material Requirements for Piping Systems Conveying Oil . 134 3.2 Remote Closure Arrangements for Valves on Oil Tanks . 134 3.3 Fuel Oil and Lube Oil Systems on Engines . 134
47、3.4 Insulation Requirements for Heated Surfaces . 135 ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON FIRE-FIGHTING SYSTEMS .2005 ix 3.5 Remote Stopping of Fuel Oil Pumps and Thermal Fluid Circulating Pumps . 135 3.6 Remote Stops for Ventilation Fans and Closing Arrangements for Openings 135 4 Paint/Flammable Liquid Lockers .
48、 135 4.1 Lockers of 4 m2(43 ft2) and More Floor Area 135 4.2 Lockers of Less Than 4 m2(43 ft2) Floor Area . 136 SECTION 10 Fire Control Plans 137 1 Standardized Symbols 137 2 ABS Requirements for Fire Control Plans 137 2.1 Steel Vessels 90 Meters in Length and Greater in Unrestricted Service 137 2.2
49、 Vessels with Automation Designation “ACC” . 143 2.3 Vessels with Automation Designation “ACCU” 144 2.4 Additional Requirements for Vessels Carrying Dangerous Goods 145 2.5 Additional Requirements for Vessels Carrying Bulk Oil . 145 2.6 Additional Requirements for Gas Carriers . 145 2.7 Additional Requirements for Chemical Carriers . 147 2.8 Additional Requirements for Passenger Vessels . 147 2.9 Additional Requirements for Ro-Ro Spaces 149 2.10 Additional Requirements for Cargo Spaces, Other Than Ro-Ro Cargo Spaces, Intended to Carry Vehicles with Fuel in Their Tanks. 150
