1、 GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING LIQUEFIED GAS CARRIERS WITH INDEPENDENT TANKS JANUARY 2010 Guide to Color Coding Used in Online Version of the Guide The following summarizes the colors corresponding to Rule Changes, Corrigenda items and editorial changes in the Guide files which are available for d
2、ownload. Rule Changes: NOTICE NO. 1 June 2011 (effective 1 June 2011) Corrigenda: CORRIGENDA/EDITORIALS 2 May 2011 CORRIGENDA/EDITORIALS 11 March 2013 CORRIGENDA/EDITORIALS 1 February 2014 CORRIGENDA/EDITORIALS 1 January 2015 Editorials: Editorial Changes Guide for Building and Classing Liquefied Ga
3、s Carriers with Independent Tanks GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING LIQUEFIED GAS CARRIERS WITH INDEPENDENT TANKS HULL STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND ANALYSIS JANUARY 2010 (Updated January 2015 see next page) American Bureau of Shipping Incorporated by Act of Legislature of the State of New York 1862 Copyright
4、 2009 American Bureau of Shipping ABS Plaza 16855 Northchase Drive Houston, TX 77060 USA Updates January 2015 consolidation includes: February 2014 version plus Corrigenda/Editorials February 2014 consolidation includes: March 2013 version plus Corrigenda/Editorials March 2013 consolidation includes
5、: June 2011 version plus Corrigenda/Editorials June 2011 consolidation includes: May 2011 version plus Notice No. 1 May 2011 consolidation includes: January 2010 version plus Corrigenda/Editorials ABSGUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING LIQUEFIED GAS CARRIERS WITH INDEPENDENT TANKS .2010 iii Foreword For
6、eword (1 June 2011) The industry and ABS share a large and successful body of experience with liquefied gas carriers with independent tanks. Owners and designers familiar with the benefits of the ABS SafeHull Rule approach in the design and analysis of other vessel types requested that ABS adapt the
7、 SafeHull criteria so that it can be used in the Classification of liquefied gas carriers with independent tanks. This Guide is developed and issued in response to the request. This Guide provides criteria that can be applied in the Classification of the hull structure of a liquefied gas carrier wit
8、h independent tanks. The strength criteria contained herein are to be used to verify compliance with the structural analysis requirements in the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (IGC Code) as a condition of classification. These strength
9、 criteria are to be considered supplementary to those for corresponding aspects of Classification as given in Part 5C, Chapter 8 of the Steel Vessel Rules. The Owner may select to use either this Guide or Part 5C, Chapter 8 of the Steel Vessel Rules, however the Classification symbol, SH, (signifyin
10、g compliance with the SafeHull based criteria in this Guide) will only be granted when the design is based on the criteria of this Guide. After a certain period for trial use, the criteria contained in this Guide will be incorporated and published in the Steel Vessel Rules. ABS encourages and welcom
11、es at any time the submission of comments on this Guide. The ABS Guide for Liquefied Petroleum Gas Carriers with Type-A Independent Tanks became effective 1 JANUARY 2006. In May 2009, the criteria was extended to cover liquefied gas carriers with Type B and Type C independent tanks. This revision ad
12、ds guidelines for hull girder ultimate strength assessment and has an effective date of 1 January 2010. The June 2011 revision includes fatigue, fracture, and thermal analysis for type-B independent tanks which is required by IGC code. Paragraph 6/9.7 and Appendix 5 are added to the Guide. Reference
13、 Note Reference to a paragraph in the Steel Vessel Rules is made in the format “P-C-S/ss.p.sp.i” where “P” is the Part, “C” is the Chapter, “S” is the Section, “ss” is the subsection, “p” is the paragraph, “sp” is the subparagraph and “i”is the item . Reference to a paragraph in this Guide is made i
14、n the format “S/ss.p.sp.i”, where “S” is the Section, “ss” is the subsection, “p” is the paragraph and “sp” is the subparagraph and “i” is the item. Reference to a Figure or Table in this Guide is made, respectively, in the format “S, Figure #”, or “S, Table #” where “S” is the Section in which the
15、figure or table is located. iv ABSGUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING LIQUEFIED GAS CARRIERS WITH INDEPENDENT TANKS .2010 Table of Contents GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING LIQUEFIED GAS CARRIERS WITH INDEPENDENT TANKS CONTENTS SECTION 1 Introduction 1 1 General . 1 1.1 Classification . 1 1.3 Optional Cl
16、ass Notation for Design Fatigue Life 1 1.5 Application . 1 1.7 Internal Members . 2 1.9 Breaks . 3 1.11 Variations . 3 1.13 Loading Guidance 3 1.15 Design Vapor Pressure 3 1.17 Protection of Structure . 3 1.19 Aluminum Paint . 4 1.21 Containment System . 4 1.23 Determination of Temperature Distribut
17、ion for Material Selection 4 TABLE 1 Design Ambient Temperatures . 4 TABLE 2 Cargo Properties of Common Liquefied Gas Cargoes . 5 FIGURE 1 . 3 SECTION 2 Design Considerations and General Requirements 7 1 General Requirements 7 1.1 General 7 1.3 Initial Scantling Requirements . 7 1.5 Strength Assessm
18、ent Failure Modes 7 1.7 Structural Redundancy and Residual Strength 7 SECTION 3 Dynamic Load Criteria . 8 1 General . 8 3 Definitions . 8 3.1 Symbols . 8 3.3 Coordinate Systems 9 5 Vertical Wave-induced Bending Moment 10 7 Horizontal Wave-induced Bending Moment . 11 ABSGUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSIN
19、G LIQUEFIED GAS CARRIERS WITH INDEPENDENT TANKS .2010 v 9 External Pressure . 12 11 Internal Pressure . 14 11.1 Accelerations . 14 11.3 Internal Pressure for Initial Scantling Evaluation . 15 11.5 Internal Pressure Formula for Strength Assessment . 17 13 Impact Loads 17 13.1 Impact Loads on Bow 17 1
20、3.3 Bottom Slamming Pressure . 18 13.5 Bowflare Slamming . 20 13.7 Green Water 23 13.9 Sloshing Loads 23 15 Thermal Loads 24 TABLE 1 koCoefficient 13 TABLE 2 Coefficient 19 TABLE 3 Aiand BiCoefficients . 20 FIGURE 1 Tank Coordinate System for Internal Pressure . 10 FIGURE 2 Distribution Factor for V
21、ertical Wave-induced Bending Moment mv. 11 FIGURE 3 Distribution Factor for Horizontal Wave-induced Bending Moment mh11 FIGURE 4 Pressure Distribution Function ko. 12 FIGURE 5 External Pressure Calculation Points . 14 FIGURE 6 Acceleration Ellipse . 16 FIGURE 7 Determination of Internal Pressure Hea
22、ds 16 FIGURE 8 Definition of Bow Geometry 18 FIGURE 9 Definition of Bowflare Geometry for Bowflare Shape Parameter . 22 FIGURE 10 Ship Stem Angle, 22 FIGURE 11 Definition of Tank Geometry . 24 SECTION 4 Standard Design Load Cases 25 1 Symbols 25 3 Standard Design Load Cases for Yielding and Buckling
23、 Strength Assessment 25 5 Standard Design Load Cases for Fatigue Strength Assessment . 26 TABLE 1 Standard Design Load Cases for Yielding and Buckling Strength Assessment (Load Combination Factors for Dynamic Load Components) 27 TABLE 2 Standard Design Load Cases for Yielding and Buckling Strength A
24、ssessment (Load Combination Factors for Port and Accidental Load Cases) . 28 TABLE 3 Standard Design Load Cases for Fatigue Strength Assessment (Load Combination Factors for Dynamic Load Components for Full Cargo Loading Condition) 29 vi ABSGUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING LIQUEFIED GAS CARRIERS WITH
25、 INDEPENDENT TANKS .2010 TABLE 4 Standard Design Load Cases for Fatigue Strength Assessment (Load Combination Factors for Dynamic Load Components for Ballast Loading Condition) 30 FIGURE 1 Direction of Internal Pressure due to Acceleration . 31 FIGURE 2 Loading Pattern (Yielding and Buckling Strengt
26、h Assessment) . 32 SECTION 5 Initial Scantling Criteria . 41 1 General . 41 1.1 Strength Requirements 41 1.3 Structural Details . 41 1.5 Evaluation of Grouped Stiffeners . 41 3 Hull Girder Strength 41 3.1 Hull Girder Section Modulus 41 3.3 Hull Girder Moment of Inertia . 41 5 Shearing Strength . 41
27、7 Hull Structures 42 7.1 Hull Structures in Way of Cargo Tanks 42 7.3 Bottom Shell Plating and Stiffeners . 42 7.5 Side Shell Plating and Stiffeners . 43 7.7 Inner Bottom Plating and Stiffeners . 45 7.9 Deck Plating, Stiffeners, Girders, and Transverses . 45 7.11 Double Bottom Floors and Girders 46
28、7.13 Frames, Stringers, and Web Frames in Fore and After-peak Tanks . 46 7.15 Plating, Stiffeners, Girders, and Webs on Watertight Boundaries 46 7.17 Plating, Stiffeners, Girders, and Webs on Deep Tank Boundaries 47 7.19 Bulkheads 47 7.21 Bottom Slamming 48 7.23 Bowflare Slamming 51 7.25 Bow Strengt
29、hening 53 9 Independent Cargo Tank Structures . 53 9.1 General 53 9.3 Allowable Stresses and Corrosion Allowances 54 11 Supports 56 FIGURE 1 Unsupported Span of Side Frame 44 FIGURE 2 Unsupported Span of Longitudinals 50 FIGURE 3 Effective Breadth of Plating be. 51 ABSGUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING
30、 LIQUEFIED GAS CARRIERS WITH INDEPENDENT TANKS .2010 vii SECTION 6 Acceptance Criteria 57 1 General . 57 3 Symbols 57 5 Yielding Failure Mode . 57 5.1 Field Stress . 57 5.3 Local Stress . 57 5.5 Hot-Spot Stress . 58 5.7 Allowable Stresses for Watertight Boundaries . 58 5.9 Allowable Stresses for Mai
31、n Supporting Members and Structural Details . 59 5.11 Allowable Stresses for Vertical Supports and Chocks . 60 7 Failure Criteria Buckling and Ultimate Strength . 62 7.1 General 62 7.3 Plate Panels 63 7.5 Longitudinals and Stiffeners 64 7.7 Deep Girders and Webs 65 7.9 Hull Girder Ultimate Strength
32、. 67 9 Fatigue Damage . 67 9.1 General 67 9.3 Procedures 67 9.5 Spectral Analysis . 68 9.7 Fatigue and Fracture Analysis for Type-B Independent Tanks 68 TABLE 1 Allowable Stresses (kgf/cm2) for Watertight Boundaries 58 TABLE 2 Allowable Stresses for Various Finite Element Mesh Sizes . 59 TABLE 3 All
33、owable Stresses for Various Finite Element Mesh Sizes . 61 FIGURE 1 Coordinate System for Buckling Strength Evaluation . 66 APPENDIX 1 Structural Modeling and Analysis 69 1 General . 69 3 Overview of Strength Assessment 69 5 Structural Idealization . 69 5.1 Structural Modeling Principles . 69 5.3 Gl
34、obal Finite Element Modeling . 72 5.5 Finite Element Modeling for Critical Structural Areas 74 5.7 Finite Element Modeling for Critical Structural Details . 81 7 Boundary Constraints for Local and Hull Girder Sub Load Cases 82 7.1 Local Sub Load Cases 82 7.3 Hull Girder Sub Load Cases 82 9 Overall C
35、heck of Finite Element Results 85 11 Documentation of Strength Assessment for Classification Review 85 viii ABSGUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING LIQUEFIED GAS CARRIERS WITH INDEPENDENT TANKS .2010 FIGURE 1 Finite Element Models for Typical Fore, Midship and Aft Hull/Cargo Tank Structures . 71 FIGURE 2
36、 Mesh Arrangement for Global Finite Element Model (Main Supporting Members, Supports and Chocks) . 73 FIGURE 3 Modeling of Bracket Toe and Tapered Face Plate . 74 FIGURE 4 Critical Areas of Hull and Cargo Tank Structures . 76 FIGURE 5 Mesh Arrangement for Critical Structural Areas (Vertical Support)
37、 77 FIGURE 6 Mesh Arrangement for Critical Structural Areas (Anti-Roll Chock) . 78 FIGURE 7 Mesh Arrangement for Critical Structural Areas (Anti-Pitch Chock) . 79 FIGURE 8 Mesh Arrangement for Critical Structural Areas (Anti-Flotation Chock) . 80 FIGURE 9 Fine Mesh Finite Element Analysis for Fatigu
38、e Strength Evaluation . 81 FIGURE 10 Boundary Constraints for Local Sub Load Cases . 83 FIGURE 11 Boundary Constraints for Hull Girder Sub Load Cases 84 APPENDIX 2 Calculation of Critical Buckling Stresses . 87 1 General . 87 3 Rectangular Plates 87 5 Longitudinals and Stiffeners 90 5.1 Axial Compre
39、ssion . 90 5.3 Torsional/Flexural Buckling 90 7 Deep Girders, Webs and Stiffened Brackets 92 7.1 Critical Buckling Stresses of Web Plates and Large Brackets . 92 7.3 Effects of Cut-outs . 92 7.5 Tripping 93 9 Stiffness and Proportions 93 9.1 Stiffness of Longitudinals . 93 9.3 Stiffness of Web Stiff
40、eners 94 9.5 Stiffness of Supporting Members . 94 9.7 Proportions of Flanges and Face Plates 94 9.9 Proportions of Webs of Longitudinals and Stiffeners . 95 TABLE 1 Buckling Coefficient, Ki. 88 FIGURE 1 Dimensions and Properties of Stiffeners 92 APPENDIX 3 Rule-based Fatigue Strength Assessment . 96
41、 1 General . 96 1.1 Note . 96 1.3 Applicability 96 1.5 Loadings 96 1.7 Effects of Corrosion . 96 ABSGUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING LIQUEFIED GAS CARRIERS WITH INDEPENDENT TANKS .2010 ix 3 Connections to be Considered for the Fatigue Strength Assessment 96 3.1 General 96 3.3 Guidance on Locations 97
42、 5 Fatigue Damage Calculation 103 5.1 Assumptions 103 5.3 Criteria . 104 5.5 Long Term Stress Distribution Parameter, 104 5.7 Fatigue Damage 104 7 Fatigue Inducing Loads and Load Combination Cases 107 7.1 General 107 7.3 Wave-induced Loads Load Components 107 7.5 Combinations of Load Cases for Fatig
43、ue Assessment 107 9 Nominal Stress Approach . 107 9.1 General 107 9.3 Total Stress Range for Longitudinals 108 9.5 Hull Girder Bending Stress fd1. 108 9.7 Additional Secondary Stresses fd2. 108 9.9 Flat Bar Stiffener for Longitudinals 111 9.11 Longitudinally Stiffened Plate Panels 115 11 Hot Spot St
44、ress Approach with Finite Element Analysis 115 11.1 Introduction 115 11.3 Calculation of Dynamic Stress Range on an Individual Element . 116 11.5 Calculation of Hot Spot Stress at a Weld Toe . 116 11.7 Calculation of Hot Spot Stress at the Edge of Cut-out or Bracket 118 TABLE 1 Fatigue Classificatio
45、n for Structural Details 100 FIGURE 1 Hold Frames 97 FIGURE 2 Connection between Inner Bottom and Hopper Tank Slope . 98 FIGURE 3 Hatch Corner . 98 FIGURE 4 Doublers and Non-load Carrying Members on Deck or Shell Plating 99 FIGURE 5 Basic Design S-N Curves . 106 FIGURE 6 Cn= Cn() . 110 FIGURE 7 Fati
46、gue Classification for Longitudinals in way of Flat Bar Stiffeners . 113 FIGURE 8 Cut-outs (Slots) For Longitudinal 114 FIGURE 9 Extrapolation of Dynamic Stress Range at Weld Toe . 117 FIGURE 10 Determination of Hot Spot Stress at Weld Toe . 118 x ABSGUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING LIQUEFIED GAS CAR
47、RIERS WITH INDEPENDENT TANKS .2010 APPENDIX 4 Hull Girder Ultimate Strength Assessment 119 1 General . 119 3 Vertical Hull Girder Ultimate Limit State . 119 5 Hull Girder Ultimate Bending Moment Capacity . 119 5.1 General 119 5.3 Physical Parameters 120 5.5 Calculation Procedure . 122 5.7 Assumption
48、s and Modeling of the Hull Girder Cross-section . 123 5.9 Stress-strain Curves - (or Load-end Shortening Curves) . 124 FIGURE 1 Bending Moment Curvature Curve M- . 120 FIGURE 2 Dimensions and Properties of Stiffeners 121 FIGURE 3 Example of Defining Structural Elements . 124 FIGURE 4 Example of Stre
49、ss Strain Curves - 125 APPENDIX 5 Fatigue and Fracture Analysis for Type-B Independent Tanks 130 1 General . 130 1.1 Selection of a Tank for the Analysis . 130 1.3 FEA Model . 130 1.5 Critical Locations . 130 1.7 Hot Spot Stress with Global Course Mesh . 131 1.9 Hot Spot Stress with a Local Fine Mesh 131 1.11 Plate Thickness Effect . 131 3 Fatigue Damage Assessment . 132 3.1 S-N Curves 133 3.3 High Cycle Fatigue Damage 135 3.5 Low Cycle Fatigue Damage . 136 3.7 Total Fatigue Damage . 136 3.9 Acceptance Criteria . 136 3.11 FEA with Refined Mesh .
