1、 Guide for Vessels Operating in Low Temperature Environments GUIDE FOR VESSELS OPERATING IN LOW TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENTS SEPTEMBER 2015 American Bureau of Shipping Incorporated by Act of Legislature of the State of New York 1862 Copyright 2015 American Bureau of Shipping ABS Plaza 16855 Northchase D
2、rive Houston, TX 77060 USA Foreword Foreword The operation of merchant vessels in low temperature environments presents many challenges for designers, builders, Owners, and Operators. These challenges include both hardware issues related directly to the construction, outfitting, and operation of ves
3、sels, as well as those issues pertaining to the ability of the crew to function in a difficult environment. To assist the marine industry, ABS issued the Guide for Vessels Operating in Low Temperature Environments in September 2006. This 2015 version of the Guide has been updated in accordance with
4、the latest industry standards, as well as ABS plan review and survey practice. Overall, the update consists of a general relocating of some items to make the document easier to follow. The particular changes to the Guide are as follows: Section 1, General: Added definitions and Plans and Particulars
5、 to be submitted. Section 2, Materials, Welding and Coatings: Added guidance for dis-similar materials and repair welding in low temperatures. Removal of possible confusion with material grade selection. With the ABS Steel Vessel Rules adopting IACS UR I6, the structural material requirements are no
6、w contained in Part 3 of the Steel Vessel Rules. Section 3, Hull Construction and Equipment: Requirements adjusted to align with industry practice, placing emphasis on a plan and application of technical solutions consistent with that plan. Section 4, Vessel Systems and Machinery: Revised to be more
7、 consistent with recent industry best practice and generally restructured Section for easier referencing. Added Subsection on electronic equipment to help address new high-tech vessels. Section 5, Safety Systems: Lifesaving appliance requirements updated to reflect recent developments in technology
8、and knowledge. Appendix 1 to 9: Updated accordingly with corresponding Sections of the Guide, as well as additional information included to assist with low temperature operations. Appendix 10, Climatic Conditions: All new temperature data provided, including isothermal plots that may be used to help
9、 estimate the Polar Service Temperature in accordance with the IMO Polar Code. This Guide becomes effective on the first day of the month of publication. We welcome your feedback. Comments or suggestions can be sent electronically to rsdeagle.org. ii ABSGUIDE FOR VESSELS OPERATING IN LOW TEMPERATURE
10、 ENVIRONMENTS .2015 Table of Contents GUIDE FOR VESSELS OPERATING IN LOW TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENTS CONTENTS SECTION 1 General 1 1 Application 1 2 Objective . 1 3 Classification Notations . 2 4 Definitions . 2 5 Certification Procedure . 3 5.1 Engineering Review 3 5.2 Initial Survey 5 5.3 Annual Surve
11、ys . 5 5.4 Notation Changes 5 6 National Administration Requirements . 5 7 Design Service Temperature 5 8 Ergonomics . 5 TABLE 1 Design Temperatures for Systems, Equipment and Components 8 FIGURE 1 Graphical Definition of Design Service Temperature 6 FIGURE 2 Certification Procedure . 7 SECTION 2 Ma
12、terials, Welding and Coatings 9 1 General . 9 2 Dissimilar Materials . 9 3 Material of Machinery 9 3.1 Machinery Structural Members/Components Exposed to Weather . 10 3.2 Deck Machinery, Piping, Valves, and Fittings 10 3.3 Cranes, Lifting Appliances, Vehicle Ramps, and Boat Davits 10 3.4 Material of
13、 Exposed Outfitting . 11 3.5 Insulated Members 11 3.6 Criteria for Other Steels . 11 3.7 Additional Requirements for Plates over 100 mm (4 in.) Thickness 11 3.8 Cast Irons 12 ABSGUIDE FOR VESSELS OPERATING IN LOW TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENTS .2015 iii 3.9 Cast Steels 12 3.10 Steel Forgings . 12 4 Weld M
14、etal 12 4.1 ABS Grade Hull Steels 12 4.2 Criteria for Other Steels . 12 4.3 Repair Welding in Low Temperatures 13 5 Coatings 13 TABLE 1 Material Class of Machinery Structural Members/ Components 13 SECTION 3 Hull Construction and Equipment . 14 1 General . 14 2 Tanks 14 2.1 Fresh Water Tanks 14 2.2
15、Fuel Oil Tanks . 14 2.3 Ballast Water Tanks . 14 2.4 Additional Measures for Oil Pollution Prevention . 15 3 Superstructures and Deckhouses . 15 3.1 Bow Area and Forecastles . 15 3.2 Deckhouses . 15 3.3 Exterior Stairs 15 3.4 Operating Platforms for Deck Equipment 15 3.5 Railings 15 3.6 Towing Fitti
16、ngs for Ice Class Vessels 16 3.7 Cargo Handling 16 3.8 Deck House Insulation . 16 3.9 Access to Machinery on Deck . 16 4 Stern 16 4.1 Towing Notch for Ice Breakers 16 5 Stability 16 6 Equipment . 17 6.1 Anchor Chain . 17 SECTION 4 Vessel Systems and Machinery 18 1 General . 18 1.1 Heat Tracing, Anti
17、-icing and De-icing 18 1.2 Hydraulic Systems . 18 1.3 Overboard Discharges and Drainage 19 1.4 Lubricating Oil Systems . 19 2 Prime Movers 19 2.1 Prime Mover Operating Characteristics for Ice Class Vessels . 19 2.2 Combustion Air Systems for All Vessels 19 2.3 Turbochargers for All Vessels 20 2.4 Em
18、ergency Generator Starting 20 iv ABSGUIDE FOR VESSELS OPERATING IN LOW TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENTS .2015 3 Propulsion and Maneuvering Machinery 20 3.1 Propulsion Shafting Bearing Lubrication for All Vessels 20 3.2 Fixed Pitch Propellers for Ice Class Vessels . 20 3.3 Controllable-Pitch Propellers for I
19、ce Class Vessels . 20 4 Deck and Other Machinery . 20 4.1 Anchoring Arrangements for Ice Class Vessels 21 4.2 Anchor Windlass for All Vessels 21 4.3 Towing Winch 21 4.4 Towing Lines . 21 4.5 Towing Fittings for Ice Class Vessels 21 4.6 Cargo Handling for All Vessels 21 5 Piping Systems . 22 5.1 Gene
20、ral 22 5.2 Ship Piping Systems and Tanks 23 5.3 Piping Systems for Prime Movers . 23 5.4 Other Piping Systems 24 5.5 Waste Storage and Disposal Systems 24 5.6 Compressed Air Systems 24 6 Fire Safety Systems 25 6.1 Fire Fighting System . 25 7 Electrical Systems . 26 7.1 System Design 26 7.2 Electrica
21、l Equipment 26 7.3 Electronic Equipment Monitoring and Control 27 8 Heating and Ventilation . 27 9 Remote Propulsion Control and Automation 28 9.1 Monitoring 28 10 Remote Control and Monitoring for Auxiliary Machinery and Systems Other Than Propulsion . 28 TABLE 1 Required Number of Starts for Propu
22、lsion Engines 24 SECTION 5 Safety Systems . 29 1 General . 29 2 Heating for Survival . 29 3 Navigational Equipment in Ice-Covered Waters . 29 3.1 Equipment . 29 4 Lifesaving Appliances and Survival Arrangements 29 4.1 Lifeboats 30 4.2 Life Rafts . 31 4.3 Rescue Boat 31 4.4 Launching Stations and Arr
23、angements . 31 4.5 Ice Gangway, Personnel Basket and Escape Chutes for Ice Class Vessels 31 4.6 Immersion Suits and Life Jackets 32 4.7 Alarms, Escape Routes and Access Routes . 32 4.8 Lighting 32 ABSGUIDE FOR VESSELS OPERATING IN LOW TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENTS .2015 v vi ABSGUIDE FOR VESSELS OPERATIN
24、G IN LOW TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENTS .2015 5 Drills and Emergency Instructions 32 6 Provisions and Spares 32 SECTION 6 Specific Vessel Requirements 33 1 Application . 33 2 Vessels Intended to Carry Liquefied Gases in Bulk . 33 2.1 General 33 2.2 Material Selection 34 2.3 Hull Construction and Equipment
25、 34 2.4 Machinery and Electrical Equipment 34 2.5 Access to Deck Areas and Cargo Machinery 35 2.6 Monitoring Systems . 36 2.7 Fire and Safety Systems 36 3 Vessels Intended for Dry Bulk Cargoes and OBOs 36 3.1 General 36 3.2 Material Selection 36 3.3 Hull Construction and Equipment 36 3.4 Machinery a
26、nd Electrical Equipment 37 3.5 Access to Deck Areas and Cargo Machinery 37 4 Offshore Support Vessels . 37 4.1 General 37 4.2 Material Selection 37 4.3 Hull Construction and Equipment 37 4.4 Machinery and Electrical Equipment 37 5 Vessels Intended to Carry Oil in Bulk . 38 5.1 General 38 5.2 Materia
27、l Selection 38 5.3 Hull Construction and Equipment 38 5.4 Machinery and Electrical Equipment 38 5.5 Access to Deck Areas and Cargo Machinery 39 5.6 Monitoring Systems . 39 5.7 Fire and Safety Systems 39 SECTION 7 Survey Requirements . 40 1 General . 40 2 Surveys During Construction 40 3 Surveys for
28、Loose Equipment/Crew Training . 40 3.1 Survey at Delivery 40 3.2 Delayed Survey Option 40 4 Annual Surveys . 41 4.1 Annual Surveys Hull . 41 4.2 Annual Surveys Machinery . 41 4.3 Annual Surveys Loose Equipment/Crew Training. 42 5 Special Periodical Surveys . 42 5.1 Special Periodical Surveys Hull 42
29、 5.2 Special Periodical Surveys Machinery 42 6 Surveys for DE-ICE Notation 43 SECTION 8 Crew Considerations . 44 1 General . 44 2 Clothing . 44 2.1 Hand Protection . 44 2.2 Head and Eye Protection . 44 2.3 Foot Protection 44 2.4 Maintenance of Personnel Protective Equipment 44 2.5 Immersion Suit Pro
30、tection . 44 2.6 Manual Tools . 44 SECTION 9 Training and Related Documentation . 45 1 General . 45 2 Training . 45 3 Documentation 45 3.1 Operations . 45 3.2 Training . 46 SECTION 10 Ice Removal and Prevention Systems 47 1 General . 47 2 Requirements 47 2.1 Hull Construction and Equipment 47 2.2 Ve
31、ssel Systems and Machinery 47 2.3 Safety Systems . 47 2.4 Crew Considerations . 47 APPENDIX 1 Additional Resources 48 APPENDIX 2 Notes on Materials, Welding and Coatings 50 1 General . 50 2 Dissimilar Materials . 50 3 Material of Machinery 50 4 Weld Metal 50 4.1 Repair Welding in Low Temperatures .
32、50 5 Coatings 51 5.1 External Hull Coatings . 51 5.2 Ice Release Coatings 52 5.3 Maintenance or Repair Coatings . 52 5.4 Interior Coatings 53 5.5 Coating Application and Maintenance . 53 TABLE 1 Suggested Coating Test Standards 52 FIGURE 1 Coefficient of Friction for Steel and Various Hull Surfaces
33、on Ice 54 ABSGUIDE FOR VESSELS OPERATING IN LOW TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENTS .2015 vii APPENDIX 3 Notes on Hull Construction and Equipment 55 1 General . 55 2 Tanks 55 2.1 Fresh Water Tanks 55 2.2 Fuel Oil Tanks . 55 2.3 Ballast Water Tanks . 55 2.4 Additional Measures for Oil Pollution Prevention . 55
34、3 Superstructures and Deckhouses . 55 3.1 Forecastles 55 3.2 Deckhouses . 55 3.3 Exterior Stairs 56 3.4 Operating Platforms for Deck Equipment 56 3.5 Railings 56 3.6 Towing Fittings 56 4 Stern 56 4.1 Towing Notch for Ice Breakers 56 5 Stability 57 TABLE 1 Threshold Wind Speeds for Icing to Occur on
35、Various Length Ships . 59 FIGURE 1 Icing Conditions for Vessels Into or Abeam of the Wind . 58 FIGURE 2 Ice Accretion versus Wind Velocity for Six Air Temperatures 59 APPENDIX 4 Notes on Vessel Systems and Machinery 60 1 General . 60 1.1 De-icing and Heat Tracing . 60 1.2 Hydraulic Systems . 62 1.3
36、Overboard Discharges and Drainage 62 1.4 Lubricating Oil Systems . 62 2 Prime Movers 62 2.1 Prime Mover Operating Characteristics for Ice Class Vessels . 62 2.2 Combustion Air Systems . 63 2.3 Turbochargers . 63 3 Propulsion and Maneuvering Machinery 64 3.1 Propulsion Shafting Bearing Lubrication 64
37、 3.2 Propellers for Ice Class Vessels 65 3.3 Controllable-Pitch Propellers for Ice Class Vessels . 65 4 Deck and Other Machinery . 65 4.1 Anchoring Arrangements . 65 4.2 Anchor Windlass 66 4.3 Towing Winch 66 4.4 Towing Lines for Ice Class Vessels and Ice Breaking Vessels 66 4.5 Towing Fittings 67 4
38、.6 Cargo Handling 67 viii ABSGUIDE FOR VESSELS OPERATING IN LOW TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENTS .2015 5 Piping Systems . 67 5.1 General 67 5.2 Ship Piping Systems and Tanks 68 5.3 Piping Systems for Prime Movers . 69 5.4 Other Piping Systems 74 5.5 Waste Storage and Disposal Systems 74 5.6 Starting Air Sys
39、tem Ice Class Vessels . 74 6 Fire Safety Systems 74 6.1 Fire Fighting System . 74 7 Electrical Systems . 75 7.1 System Design 75 7.2 Electrical Equipment 75 7.3 Electronic Equipment 75 8 Heating and Ventilation . 76 9 Remote Propulsion Control and Automation 76 9.1 Monitoring 76 10 Remote Control an
40、d Monitoring for Auxiliary Machinery and Systems Other Than Propulsion . 76 TABLE 1 Considerations for Installation of CP versus Fixed Pitch Propellers 65 FIGURE 1 Reduction of Ice Ingestion Baffles . 71 FIGURE 2 Reduction of Ice Ingestion Weirs . 72 FIGURE 3 Freeze-up Prevention and Clean Outs for
41、Ice Clearing 72 FIGURE 4 Recirculation Prevents Icing and Emergency Seawater Supply . 73 FIGURE 5 Recirculation Heat Tracing and Freeze up Prevention Strategies 73 APPENDIX 5 Notes on Safety Systems 77 1 General . 77 2 Essential Services . 77 2.1 Essential Heating for Survival 77 3 Navigational Equi
42、pment 77 4 Life Saving Appliances and Survival Arrangements . 78 4.1 Lifeboats 78 4.2 Life Rafts . 78 4.3 Rescue Boat 78 4.4 Launching Stations and Arrangements . 78 4.5 Ice Gangway, Personnel Basket and Escape Chutes . 79 4.6 Immersion Suits and Life Jackets 79 4.7 Alarms, Escape Routes and Access
43、Routes . 79 4.8 Lighting 79 5 Drills and Emergency Instructions 79 6 Provisions and Spares 79 ABSGUIDE FOR VESSELS OPERATING IN LOW TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENTS .2015 ix APPENDIX 6 Notes on Specific Vessel Requirements 80 1 General . 80 2 Vessels Intended to Carry Liquefied Gases in Bulk . 80 2.1 Genera
44、l 80 2.2 Material Selection 80 2.3 Hull Construction and Equipment 80 2.4 Machinery and Electrical Equipment 80 2.5 Access to Deck Areas and Cargo Machinery 80 2.6 Monitoring Systems . 81 2.7 Fire and Safety Systems 81 3 Vessels Intended for Dry Bulk Cargoes and OBOs 81 3.1 General 81 3.2 Material S
45、election 81 3.3 Hull Construction and Equipment 81 3.4 Machinery and Electrical Equipment 81 3.5 Access to Deck Areas and Cargo Machinery 81 4 Offshore Support Vessels . 81 4.1 General 81 4.2 Material Selection 81 4.3 Hull Construction and Equipment 82 4.4 Machinery and Electrical Equipment 82 5 Ves
46、sels Intended to Carry Oil in Bulk . 82 5.1 General 82 5.2 Material Selection 82 5.3 Hull Construction and Equipment 82 5.4 Machinery and Electrical Equipment 82 5.5 Access to Deck Areas and Cargo Machinery 82 5.6 Monitoring Systems . 83 5.7 Fire and Safety Systems 83 APPENDIX 7 Notes on Survey . 84
47、 1 General . 84 2 Damages . 84 2.1 Controllable Pitch Propellers Pitch Actuation System . 84 APPENDIX 8 Notes on Crew Considerations . 85 1 Introduction . 85 2 Definitions . 85 3 Human Response to Cold and Arctic Exposure . 86 3.1 Decreases in Cognitive/Reasoning Ability Due to Cold Exposure . 86 3.
48、2 Health Hazards Related to Cold Exposure 86 3.3 Monitoring Environmental Conditions 91 3.4 Clothing and Personal Protective Equipment 93 3.5 Nutrition Considerations in Cold Climates . 97 3.6 Workstation Design and Operational Considerations 97 3.7 Accommodations and Environmental Control 99 x ABSG
49、UIDE FOR VESSELS OPERATING IN LOW TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENTS .2015 TABLE 1 Symptoms of Hypothermia 89 TABLE 2 Relationship between Wind Chill and Exposure Danger 92 TABLE 3 Threshold Limit Values Work/Warm-up Schedule for Four-Hour Shift 93 TABLE 4 Protective and Functional Properties for Outdoor Work Garments 94 TABLE 5 Exposure Standards and Action-Limits for Vibration 100 TABLE 6 Vibration Effects on Function and Performance . 100 FIGURE 1 Relationship between Clothing and Water Survival Time . 89 FIGURE 2 Heat Loss vs. Clo Factor at a Comfortable Skin
