1、 Guide for Application of Higher-Strength Hull Structural Thick Steel Plates in Container Carriers GUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF HIGHER-STRENGTH HULL STRUCTURAL THICK STEEL PLATES IN CONTAINER CARRIERS FEBRUARY 2009 (Updated February 2014 see next page) American Bureau of Shipping Incorporated by Act of
2、Legislature of the State of New York 1862 Copyright 2009 American Bureau of Shipping ABS Plaza 16855 Northchase Drive Houston, TX 77060 USA Updates February 2014 consolidation includes: February 2012 version plus Notice No. 2 and Corrigenda/Editorials February 2012 consolidation includes: January 20
3、12 version plus Notice No. 1 January 2012 consolidation includes: April 2010 version plus Corrigenda/Editorials April 2010 consolidation includes: February 2009 version plus Corrigenda/Editorials ABSGUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF HIGHER-STRENGTH THICK HULL STRUCTURAL STEEL PLATES IN CONTAINER CARRIERS .20
4、09 iii Foreword Foreword The drive for efficient sea-borne container transportation has, over the last several decades, led to some significant growth in container carrier size. Application of hull structural thick steel plates in the upper flange of large container carriers becomes a natural choice
5、 for the hull structure to meet the required hull girder strength. Steel plates well in excess of 51 mm* are commonly found in large container carriers. More recently, one technical innovation that is having a significant impact on the next generation of container carriers is the application of hull
6、 structural thick steel plates with a minimum yield stress of 460 N/mm2(H47). In addition to the ABS Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels (Steel Vessel Rules), this Guide is intended to provide the supplementary requirements for the application of higher-strength hull structural thick steel
7、 plates, greater than 51 mm, in large container carriers. For thick steel plates with a minimum yield stress of 390 N/mm2(H40), the requirements reflect a large and successful body of experience with large container carriers in service, taking into consideration the first principles structural analy
8、sis methodologies and the experience in material, welding, and construction that is being routinely applied to large container carriers. Also in response to the request from industry for the adoption of H47 steel grade, this Guide is developed to provide guidance on the design, construction and oper
9、ation, of container carriers built with such high strength steel plates. After a certain period for trial use, the criteria contained in this Guide will be incorporated and published in the Steel Vessel Rules. ABS encourages and welcomes at any time the submission of comments on this Guide. The requ
10、irements contained in this Guide became effective on 1 January 2009. * Note: The maximum thickness described in 3-1-2/1.3 of the Steel Vessel Rules. iv ABSGUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF HIGHER-STRENGTH THICK HULL STRUCTURAL STEEL PLATES IN CONTAINER CARRIERS .2009 Table of Contents GUIDE FOR APPLICATION O
11、F HIGHER-STRENGTH HULL STRUCTURAL THICK STEEL PLATES IN CONTAINER CARRIERS CONTENTS SECTION 1 Introduction 1 1 General . 1 3 Application . 1 SECTION 2 Hull Structural Design with Higher-Strength Thick Steel Plates 2 1 General . 2 3 Selection of Material Grade 2 5 Hull Girder Strength 2 5.1 Hull Gird
12、er Section Modulus 2 5.3 Hull Girder Moment of Inertia . 3 5.5 Hull Girder Shearing Strength 3 5.7 Hull Girder Torsional Strength . 4 7 Initial Scantling Evaluation 4 9 Total Strength Assessment . 4 11 Structural Details and Fatigue Strength Assessment . 4 TABLE 1 Material Grade 2 TABLE 2 Material F
13、actor Q for Determining Required Hull Girder Section Modulus 3 TABLE 3 Material Factor and Strength 3 SECTION 3 Testing and Certification of Thick Steel Plates with Minimum Yield Stress of 460 N/mm2. 5 1 General Requirements 5 1.1 Testing and Inspection . 5 1.3 Defects 5 1.5 Identification of Materi
14、als . 5 1.7 Manufacturers Certificates 5 1.9 Identification of Specimens and Retests 5 1.11 Standard Test Specimens . 5 1.13 Yield Strength and Elongation . 5 1.15 Permissible Variations in Dimensions 5 1.17 Process of Manufacture . 5 ABSGUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF HIGHER-STRENGTH THICK HULL STRUCTURAL
15、 STEEL PLATES IN CONTAINER CARRIERS .2009 v 1.19 Condition of Supply . 6 1.21 Marking 6 1.23 Surface Finish . 6 1.25 Fine Grain Practice 6 3 Chemical Composition 6 3.1 Chemical Composition 6 3.3 Carbon Equivalent . 6 3.5 Cold Cracking Susceptibility 6 5 Tensile Properties . 8 7 Impact Properties 8 9
16、 Fracture Toughness Testing . 8 TABLE 1 Chemical Properties of H47 Steel . 7 TABLE 2 Carbon Equivalent for H47 Steel 7 TABLE 3 Cold Cracking Susceptibility for H47 Steel . 7 TABLE 4 Tensile Properties of H47 Steel 8 TABLE 5 Impact Properties of H47 Steel . 8 SECTION 4 Welding and Fabrication of Thic
17、k Steel Plates with Minimum Yield Stress of 460 N/mm2. 9 1 General . 9 1.1 Preparation for Welding . 9 1.3 Production Welding . 9 1.5 Butt Welds . 9 1.7 Workmanship Test 9 1.9 Welders . 9 1.11 High Heat Input Welding 9 3 Requirements of Filler Metals . 9 3.1 General 9 3.3 Mechanical Properties . 9 3
18、.5 Application of Filler Metal 9 5 Approval of Welding Procedures 10 5.1 General 10 5.3 Approved Filler Metals . 10 5.5 Test Requirements 10 7 Weldability Test of Base Metal . 10 7.1 General 10 7.3 Tensile Properties . 10 7.5 Notch Toughness 10 TABLE 1 Applicable Filler Metals . 10 TABLE 2 Toughness
19、 Requirements of Welds 10 TABLE 3 Toughness Requirements of Welds 11 vi ABSGUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF HIGHER-STRENGTH THICK HULL STRUCTURAL STEEL PLATES IN CONTAINER CARRIERS .2009 SECTION 5 Prevention of Fatigue and Fracture Failure in Thick Steel Plates with Minimum Yield Stress of 460 N/mm212 1 Gen
20、eral . 12 3 Nondestructive Inspection of Welds . 12 3.1 General 12 3.3 New Construction 12 3.5 Vessels in Service . 12 3.7 Requirements for Nondestructive Test 12 5 Prevention of Fatigue Failure 13 5.1 Fatigue Strength Assessment 13 5.3 Fatigue Strength Improvement of Welds . 13 7 Prevention of Frac
21、ture Failure 14 7.1 General 14 7.3 Crack Stop Hole. 14 7.5 High Toughness Weld . 14 7.7 Block Joint Shift . 15 7.9 Insert Plate 16 9 Hull Girder Residual Strength . 17 FIGURE 1 Grinding of Butt Weld 13 FIGURE 2 Crack Stop Holes 14 FIGURE 3 High Toughness Weld . 15 FIGURE 4 Block Joint Shift . 16 FIG
22、URE 5 Insert Plate 16 APPENDIX 1 Full Ship Finite Element Based Fatigue Strength Assessment of Upper Flange Structure 18 1 General . 18 1.1 Note . 18 1.3 Applicability 18 1.5 Loadings 18 1.7 Effects of Corrosion . 18 1.9 Format of the Criteria . 18 3 Connections to be Considered for the Fatigue Stre
23、ngth Assessment. 19 3.1 General 19 3.3 Guidance on Locations 19 3.5 Fatigue Classification . 19 5 Fatigue Damage Calculation . 30 5.1 Assumptions 30 5.3 Criteria . 30 5.5 Long Term Stress Distribution Parameter, 30 5.7 Fatigue Damage 31 7 Fatigue Inducing Loads and Load Combination Cases 34 7.1 Gene
24、ral 34 7.3 Wave-induced Loads . 34 7.5 Combinations of Load Cases for Fatigue Assessment 34 ABSGUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF HIGHER-STRENGTH THICK HULL STRUCTURAL STEEL PLATES IN CONTAINER CARRIERS .2009 vii 9 Determination of Wave Induced Stress Range 35 9.1 General 35 9.3 Hatch Corners . 35 11 Hot Spot
25、 Stress Approach with Finite Element Analysis 43 11.1 Introduction 43 11.3 Calculation of Hot Spot Stress at a Weld Toe . 44 11.5 Calculation of Hot Spot Stress at the Edge of Cut-out or Bracket 46 TABLE 1 Fatigue Classification for Structural Details 20 TABLE 2 Welded Joint with Two or More Load Ca
26、rrying Members . 23 TABLE 3 Combined Load Cases for Fatigue Strength Formulation 34 FIGURE 1 Basic Design S-N Curves . 33 FIGURE 2 Hatch Corners at Decks and Coaming Top 41 FIGURE 3 Circular Shape 42 FIGURE 4 Double Curvature Shape 42 FIGURE 5 Elliptical Shape 42 FIGURE 6 Hatch Corner for Longitudin
27、al Deck Girder . 43 FIGURE 7 . 44 FIGURE 8 . 46 APPENDIX 2 Hull Girder Residual Strength . 47 1 General . 47 3 Vertical Hull Girder Residual Limit State . 47 5 Vertical Hull Girder Residual Bending Moment Capacity . 47 5.1 General 47 5.3 Physical Parameters . 48 5.5 Calculation Procedure . 50 5.7 As
28、sumptions and Modeling of the Hull Girder Cross-Section 51 5.9 Stress-strain Curves - (or Load-end Shortening Curves) . 52 FIGURE 1 Bending Moment Curvature Curve M- . 48 FIGURE 2 Dimensions and Properties of Stiffeners 49 FIGURE 3 Example of Defining Structural Elements . 52 FIGURE 4 Example of Str
29、ess Strain Curves - 53 This Page Intentionally Left Blank ABSGUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF HIGHER-STRENGTH THICK HULL STRUCTURAL STEEL PLATES IN CONTAINER CARRIERS .2009 1 Section 1: Introduction SECTION 1 Introduction 1 General This Guide describes the supplementary requirements for application of highe
30、r-strength hull structural steel plates, greater than 51 mm and less than or equal to 100 mm thickness, in container carriers with regards to the following: hull structural design, testing and certification of H47 steel material, welding and fabrication of H47 steel material, and prevention of fatig
31、ue and fracture failure of H47 steel material. These requirements on the thick steel plates are to be used in conjunction with the ABS Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels (Steel Vessel Rules). Specifically, reference to the following parts and chapters of the Steel Vessel Rules is to be ma
32、de when applying this Guide: Part 5C, Chapter 5 “Vessels Intended to Carry Containers 130 meters (427 feet) to 450 meters (1476 feet) in Length” for the scantling and strength requirements. Part 2, Chapter 1 “Materials for Hull Construction” Part 2, Chapter 4 “Welding and Fabrication” Part 7 “Rules
33、for Survey after Construction” For thick steel plates in the upper flange of the hull structure, fatigue and fracture are two most pertinent failure mechanisms. When the hull girder strength is designed to the rule minimum requirements, the accompanying effects of higher-strength thick steel plates
34、are largely associated with higher stress levels and reduced fatigue and fracture strength characteristics. In the upper flange of the hull structure, wave-induced fatigue damages in way of thick plated weld connections are the first and foremost concern. As a countermeasure, the fatigue behavior of
35、 these weld connections is to be extensively evaluated to avoid initial crack initiation. Second, the presence of planar flaws in thick plated weld connections can adversely affect the integrity of these connections in the form of accelerated crack growth and fracture. Satisfactory fatigue and fract
36、ure characteristics are to be attained from improvements in structural design measures, steel materials, welding consumables, welding procedures and post-weld enhancements. Third, survey after construction is to be enhanced through monitoring critical areas and non-destructive inspection. 3 Applicat
37、ion For H40 steel grade, the supplementary requirements in the Guide are applicable to steel plate thicknesses greater than 51 mm and less than 100 mm used in the upper flange of a container carrier hull structure. For H47 steel grade, the supplementary requirements in the Guide are applicable to st
38、eel plate thicknesses less than 100 mm used in the upper flange of a container carrier hull structure. 2 ABSGUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF HIGHER-STRENGTH THICK HULL STRUCTURAL STEEL PLATES IN CONTAINER CARRIERS .2009 Section 2: Hull Structural Design with Higher- Strength Thick Steel Plates SECTION 2 Hul
39、l Structural Design with Higher-Strength Thick Steel Plates 1 General The material factor Q for higher strength steels used in the hull girder strength requirement is an indirect means to minimize potential risks associated with buckling, fatigue and fracture in higher strength steels. For thick pla
40、ted structural members in the upper flange of a container carrier, buckling can generally be excluded as a critical structural mode. Therefore, prevention of fatigue and fracture in the upper flange should be one of the main focuses for large container carriers. Reference is to be made to Part 5C, C
41、hapter 5 “Vessels Intended to Carry Containers 130 meters (427 feet) to 450 meters (1476 feet) in Length” of the Steel Vessel Rules for the scantling and strength requirements. In this Section, specific guidance is provided on the application of higher-strength thick steel plates. 3 Selection of Mat
42、erial Grade Steel materials for particular locations are not to be of lower grades than those required by Section 2, Table 1 of this Guide. Material class is given in 3-1-2/Table 2 of the Steel Vessel Rules. TABLE 1 Material Grade Thickness, t mm Material Class I II III t 15 A, AH A, AH A, AH 15 51
43、mm Grade 3 Y 470 AH47, DH47 AH47 Grade 4 Y 470 AH47, DH47, EH47 AH47, DH47 Grade 5 Y 470 AH47, DH47, EH47, FH47 AH47, DH47, EH47 Grade 6 Y 470 AH47, DH47, EH47, FH47 AH47, DH47, EH47, FH47 5 Approval of Welding Procedures 5.1 General Procedures for the welding of all joints are to be established bef
44、ore construction for the welding processes, types of electrodes, edge preparations, welding techniques, and positions proposed. Welding procedure qualification test is required to determine the shipyard or fabricators capability in the application of the proposed filler metal to the base material. 5
45、.3 Approved Filler Metals For butt weld test assembly and fillet weld test assembly, as applicable, one of the grades of steel, or equivalent, as listed in Section 4, Table 1 for the individual grade of filler metals is to be used. The maximum hydrogen content is to be 10 cm3/100 g. 5.5 Test Require
46、ments Preparation of test specimen and test process is to follow the requirements in the ABS Rules for Materials and Welding (Part 2). Charpy V-notch impact test for the toughness of weldments is to meet the requirements in Section 4, Table 2 of this Guide. TABLE 2 Toughness Requirements of Welds Gr
47、ade Test Location Test Temperature CVN Requirement AH47, DH47, EH47 WM, FL, FL+1 mm, +3 mm, +5 mm -20C57 J FH47 -40C 57 J 7 Weldability Test of Base Metal 7.1 General The general requirements for weldability test of H47 steel plates are defined in 2-A4/5.13 of the ABS Rules for Materials and Welding
48、 (Part 2). The mechanical properties of welds are to meet the requirements specified in this Subsection. 7.3 Tensile Properties Tensile properties are to meet the requirements of the base plate as specified in Section 3. 7.5 Notch Toughness Charpy V-notch impact test for the toughness of weldments a
49、re to meet the requirements specified in Section 4, Table 3. Section 4 Welding and Fabrication of Thick Steel Plates with Minimum Yield Stress of 460 N/mm2ABSGUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF HIGHER-STRENGTH THICK HULL STRUCTURAL STEEL PLATES IN CONTAINER CARRIERS .2009 11 TABLE 3 Toughness Requirements of Welds Grade Test Location Test Temperature CVN Requirement AH47 FL, FL+2 mm, +5 mm, +20 mm 0C64 J DH47 -20C 64 J EH47 -40C 64 J FH47 -60C 64 J 12 ABSGUIDE FOR APPLICATION OF HIGHER-STRENGTH THICK HULL STRUCTURAL STEEL PLATES IN CONTAINER CARRIERS .2009 Sectio
