1、 Guidance Notes on Job Safety Analysis for the Marine and Offshore Industries GUIDANCE NOTES ON JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS FOR THE MARINE AND OFFSHORE INDUSTRIES APRIL 2013 American Bureau of Shipping Incorporated by Act of Legislature of the State of New York 1862 Copyright 2013 American Bureau of Shippin
2、g ABS Plaza 16855 Northchase Drive Houston, TX 77060 USA ii ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS FOR THE MARINE AND OFFSHORE INDUSTRIES .2013 Foreword Foreword Job safety analysis (JSA) is a risk assessment technique used to eliminate or reduce the occurrence of undesirable incidents during work
3、 tasks. The intent of these Guidance Notes is to lay out a job safety analysis (JSA) process that aims to achieve a reduction in personnel injuries by establishing more effective work procedures, addressing the specific challenges faced by the marine and offshore industries. These Guidance Notes sho
4、uld assist companies wishing to implement a JSA program from the start, or optimize an existing program, by providing ideas and best practices that can be adopted by any marine or offshore company to strengthen their safety management system. These Guidance Notes become effective on the first day of
5、 the month of publication. Users are advised to check periodically on the ABS website www.eagle.org to verify that this version of these Guidance Notes is the most current. We welcome your feedback. Comments or suggestions can be sent electronically by email to rsdeagle.org. ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON JOB
6、 SAFETY ANALYSIS FOR THE MARINE AND OFFSHORE INDUSTRIES .2013 iii Table of Contents GUIDANCE NOTES ON JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS FOR THE MARINE AND OFFSHORE INDUSTRIES CONTENTS SECTION 1 Introduction 1 1 General . 1 1.1 Standards and Regulations Requiring JSA . 1 1.3 What is JSA? . 2 1.5 Approaches to JSA
7、2 3 Terminology 3 SECTION 2 Job Safety Analysis Process 4 1 JSA Process . 4 3 Informal Job Safety Analysis. 4 3.1 When to Perform an Informal JSA . 4 3.3 How to do an Informal JSA? 5 5 Formal JSA . 7 5.1 When to do a Formal JSA? . 8 5.3 How to do a Formal JSA? 9 5.5 Formal JSA Step 1: Define the Job
8、 . 11 5.7 Formal JSA Step 2: List the Job Steps 11 5.9 Formal JSA Step 3: Identify the Hazards Associated with Each Job Step 12 5.11 Formal JSA Step 4. Identify Existing Control Measures for Each Hazard . 15 5.13 Formal JSA Step 5: Hazard Ranking . 16 5.15 Formal JSA Step 5.1: Identify Additional Ri
9、sk Controls . 17 5.17 Formal JSA Step 5.2: Re-rank with Additional Risk Controls 19 5.19 Formal JSA Step 6: Validation of Controls 19 5.21 Sign Off . 20 7 Simplified Formal JSA for Frequent and Moderately Hazardous Tasks . 22 TABLE 1 Informal JSA Characteristics . 5 TABLE 2 Formal JSA Characteristic
10、s 7 TABLE 3 Tasks Typically Requiring a Formal JSA 8 TABLE 4 Checklist of Hazard Types and Potential Causes (Non-Exhaustive) 12 iv ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS FOR THE MARINE AND OFFSHORE INDUSTRIES .2013 FIGURE 1 Informal JSA Checksheet . 6 FIGURE 2 Formal JSA Process . 10 SECTION 3 Get
11、ting the Most Out of a Job Safety Analysis Program 23 1 Environmental, Security and Emergency Considerations in a JSA . 23 1.1 Environmental Considerations . 23 1.3 Security Considerations . 23 1.5 Emergency Preparedness . 23 3 A Word About Proximity in Time and in Location . 24 5 Library of JSAs 24
12、 5.1 Generic JSAs . 24 5.3 Using a Library of Generic JSAs 26 5.5 Using a Library of Completed JSAs . 26 5.7 Limitations of Library of JSAs 26 7 Synergism between JSA and Permit-to-Work 27 9 Synergism between JSAs and Standard Operating Procedures 27 9.1 JSA as a Tool to Develop SOPs 28 11 Stop Work
13、 Authority and Ultimate Work Authority 28 FIGURE 1 Generic JSA Example . 25 SECTION 4 Job Safety Analysis Program Implementation 30 1 Program Implementation . 30 3 Roles and Responsibilities 30 3.1 Shore Management Involvement . 30 3.3 Shipboard/Offshore Personnel Involvement and Responsibility 31 3
14、.5 Contractors 32 5 Organizational Preparation . 33 5.1 Culture . 33 5.3 Management Support 33 7 JSA Program Manual 33 7.1 JSA Form . 33 7.3 Risk Tolerance . 34 9 Training . 35 TABLE 1 Sample Tolerability Criteria Based on Hazard Severity 35 FIGURE 1 Sample Risk Matrix with Risk Tolerability Criteri
15、a 35 SECTION 5 JSA Program Monitoring . 37 1 JSA Program Monitoring . 37 3 Performance Indicators . 37 5 Documentation and Recordkeeping . 38 7 Continual Improvement . 38 9 Select Resources 40 ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS FOR THE MARINE AND OFFSHORE INDUSTRIES .2013 v APPENDIX 1 Sample J
16、SA Forms 41 Sample Basic JSA Form 42 Sample Comprehensive JSA Form . 43 APPENDIX 2 Hazard and Controls Checklist . 44 1 Hazard and Controls Checklist . 44 TABLE 1 Hazard List 44 TABLE 2 Chemical Hazards with Possible Controls 46 TABLE 3 Biological Hazards with Possible Controls 49 TABLE 4 Energy Haz
17、ards with Possible Controls 51 TABLE 5 Physical Hazards with Possible Controls 56 TABLE 6 Work Environment Hazards with Possible Controls . 60 TABLE 7 External Hazards with Possible Controls 63 This Page Intentionally Left Blank ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS FOR THE MARINE AND OFFSHORE IN
18、DUSTRIES .2013 1 Section 1: Introduction SECTION 1 Introduction 1 General Risk assessment, the proactive and systematic assessment of risks, is a standard element of most offshore and maritime companies safety management systems. Risk assessment is a powerful and flexible tool to identify and contro
19、l potential undesirable events that can have safety, environmental, quality, or financial repercussions. The focus of these Guidance Notes is risk assessment applied to work tasks, commonly referred to as Job Safety Analysis (JSA). The marine and offshore industries have implemented job safety analy
20、sis at varying levels of maturity and sophistication. These Guidance Notes provide considerations for any company desiring to strengthen their safety management system through the use of a job safety analysis. The best practices and concepts contained within this document can be applied by any marin
21、e or offshore company wishing to initiate or improve their JSA program. 1.1 Standards and Regulations Requiring JSA A properly implemented JSA program constitutes an important risk management tool for compliance with several regulations, standards, and industry best practices, such as the ISM Code,
22、the Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Standard OHSAS 18001, the Maritime Labour Convention, the Tanker Management Self-Assessment (TMSA), and the Safety and Environmental Management Systems (SEMS) regulations for the offshore industry in the United States. The International Safety Management
23、 (ISM) Code, 2010 edition, indicates that one of the safety management objectives of the Company shall be to “assess all identified risks to its ships, personnel and the environment and establish appropriate safeguards”. A JSA can assist in the shipboard risk identification process and the ensuing e
24、stablishment of safeguards to appropriately control those shipboard risks. The Occupational Health and Safety and Assessment Series standard, OHSAS 18001:2007, in Section 4.3 (Planning), requires companies to develop and implement a “procedure(s) for the ongoing hazard identification, risk assessmen
25、t, and determination of necessary controls” as the basis of the whole OH problems with risk controls that supposedly act to reduce the risk but when brought to light during the JSA are found to be deficient, missing, inoperable, or bypassed; or the hazards associated with personnel change during the
26、 tasks. The identification of these problems and the implementation of corrective actions before the task is performed can prevent undesirable incidents during the execution of the work task. 1.5 Approaches to JSA A company promoting a risk-conscious safety culture will ideally want to go through a
27、JSA exercise before performing any onboard/offshore activities. However, JSA exercises involve time and effort to develop and document. A program that requires a documented JSA for every task onboard/offshore may be seen by some as overly onerous, and the worker acceptance, rigor, and efficiency of
28、the JSA program can diminish. On the other hand, if certain tasks are excluded from the JSA program, the workers may skip assessing the hazards associated with the task and the means by which they can be eliminated or reduced to an acceptable level. To illustrate this, consider a simple task routine
29、ly performed onboard ships. A crewmember has been assigned the task of transferring large boxes of stores, approximately three-foot cubes, from the main deck to the shelves in the Dry Stores Room. The Dry Stores room is below the main deck and stairs must be used. Hazards associated with descending
30、the stairs include: Personal harm (e.g., bumps, bruises, back injury) from slipping and falling from the stairs Boxes slipping out of the persons hands and striking another person below Dropping the box and breaking containers of chemicals inside that when mixed produce toxic, lethal, or otherwise h
31、armful vapors Hazards associated with carrying the box in the passageways on the way to the Dry Stores Room include: Bumping into other personnel who cannot be seen over the top of the carried box Bumping into doorways and scraping fingers while going through Tripping over unseen objects in the pass
32、ageway and dropping the box damaging contents Hazards associated with placing the boxes on the shelves in the Dry Stores Room include: Scraping hands on the shelves Back injury from trying to lift boxes to a higher level Section 1 General ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS FOR THE MARINE AND O
33、FFSHORE INDUSTRIES .2013 3 A JSA would identify these hazards and identify, for example, the need for a second or third person to assist in the transport of the boxes, or to use a handy-billy and approved strap to lower the boxes to the next level, or to erect a small platform in the Dry Stores Room
34、 so that the boxes would not have to be as lifted as high as when placing on the shelves. The inclusion of additional personnel could, during the JSA discussion, identify additional hazards and control measures. However, requiring a comprehensive and documented JSA for a task such as the one describ
35、ed would be too onerous on the workers. Hazards associated with all tasks should be identified and controlled. However, some tasks require a more detailed JSA than others. Instead of suggesting a JSA program where certain tasks are left without the benefit of the JSA, or a program where all tasks ar
36、e required to undergo a formal and comprehensive JSA, a tiered approach is recommended with two or more levels of JSA. Typically, two JSA levels could be defined: i) An informal JSA (mental or verbal) ii) A formal JSA (comprehensive and documented) The JSAs can be carried out to varying degrees of d
37、etail, depending on the situation at hand. A tiered JSA program necessitates criteria to decide what type of JSA is needed for each particular task depending on factors such as the type of task, its complexity, its regularity, etc. These Guidance Notes describe these two types of JSA along with guid
38、ance on when to use one versus the other, but ultimately, each company will develop their program and criteria according to their needs and goals. 3 Terminology Several terms used throughout these Guidance Notes are defined below. Consequence is the measure of the impact of an event occurrence in te
39、rms of people affected, property damaged, outage time, dollars lost, or any other chosen parameter. For purposes of a JSA, the focus is on impacts to safety and health, but impacts on environment and property can also be considered and mitigated. Controls are the measures taken to prevent hazards fr
40、om causing undesirable events. Controls can be physical (e.g., safety shutdowns, redundant controls, added conservatism in design), procedural (e.g., operating procedures, routine inspection requirements), and can also address human factors (employee selection, training, supervision). Event is an oc
41、currence that has an associated outcome. There are typically a number of potential outcomes from any one initial event that may range in severity from trivial to catastrophic, depending on other conditions and subsequent events. The terms Event and Incident are used interchangeably. Hazards are cond
42、itions that exist that may potentially lead to an undesirable event. Incident. Same as Event. Both concepts may include near misses (unsafe conditions) and injuries. Job Safety Analysis (JSA) is an analytical process that focuses on a means to identify and control hazards inherent in job tasks befor
43、e they can result in an accident. JSA also refers to the formal document that is developed as a result of the analysis process. Likelihood indicates the potential that a hazard could be realized. Risk is defined as the product of the frequency with which an event is anticipated to occur and the cons
44、equence of the events outcome. Risk Assessment is the process of understanding (1) what undesirable things can happen, (2) how likely they are to happen, (3) how severe the effects can be and (4) evaluating what is the risk of each undesirable event. 4 ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS FOR TH
45、E MARINE AND OFFSHORE INDUSTRIES .2013 Section 2: Job Safety Analysis Process SECTION 2 Job Safety Analysis Process 1 JSA Process A JSA focuses on identifying the tasks necessary to perform a specific job; the potential safety and health, and in some cases, environmental, hazards associated with eac
46、h task; and the possible risk control measures needed to eliminate or reduce these hazards. The JSA process can be divided into a number of steps, the complexity of which can vary depending on the job being analyzed. As mentioned before, it can be used informally through a verbal discussion before p
47、erforming a simple, routine job, or formally following a prescribed set of steps and a well-defined JSA form for more complex, non-routine, or new jobs. The JSA process presented in these Guidance Notes is a flexible approach that can accommodate any level of detail. A so called informal JSA process
48、 is described, as well as a formal JSA process for more complex jobs. Even within the formal JSA, the process can be applied at different levels of detail, depending on the complexity of the job. It can take minutes to several hours to complete. These Guidance Notes describe a range of options in te
49、rms of level of detail and complexity of each JSA process step. Each company can modify and adapt this JSA process to the appropriate level of detail for the different type of jobs applicable to them. Regardless of the type of JSA to be performed, there are three basic parts that need to be completed: Understand the task to be performed Identify potential hazards for the task Identify risk control measures for each hazard The following sections provide guidance on how to complete these basic parts, with varying levels of detail appropriate for each type of JS
