1、Guidance Notes on Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles GUIDANCE NOTES ON USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES FEBRUARY 2018 American Bureau of Shipping Incorporated by Act of Legislature of the State of New York 1862 2018 American Bureau of Shipping. All rights reserved. ABS Plaza 16855 Northchase Drive Houston
2、, TX 77060 USA Foreword Foreword Suitable means of access to structures is required for surveys to be carried out safely, effectively and efficiently. Surveyors use a combination of permanent and alternative means of access (e.g. staging, scaffolding, rafting, and rope access) in order to conduct cl
3、ass surveys. Remote inspection techniques are considered as additional alternative means of access. These means help to reduce safety risks to the Surveyor (e.g., working at heights). Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), as a remote inspection technique, allows the attending Surveyor to evaluate the con
4、dition of the structure from a stationary location. This technique also provides a benefit to the asset Owner/Operator by reducing operational intrusiveness. These Guidance Notes are intended to offer best practices for class surveys and non-class inspections carried out using UAVs. These best pract
5、ices include recommendations and guidance on applications of UAVs, qualification and proficiency of the UAV Service Provider, UAV operation and data handling, all intended to facilitate a safer, more effective and efficient survey. IACS Recommendations No. 42, Guidelines for Use of Remote Inspection
6、 Techniques for Surveys, has been considered in the development of these Guidance Notes. This revision incorporates additional, relevant industry standards and ABS Guides and Guidance Notes. Section 5 has been removed and the content is reorganized into Section 2 and 4 to streamline the guidance. A
7、recommended checklist is in Appendix 3 to aid asset owners and operators in decision making for UAV inspection process. These Guidance Notes become effective on the first day of the month of publication. Users are advised to check periodically on the ABS website www.eagle.org to verify that this ver
8、sion of these Guidance Notes is the most current. We welcome your feedback. Comments or suggestions can be sent electronically by email to rsdeagle.org. Terms of Use The information presented herein is intended solely to assist the reader in the methodologies and/or techniques discussed. These Guida
9、nce Notes do not and cannot replace the analysis and/or advice of a qualified professional. It is the responsibility of the reader to perform their own assessment and obtain professional advice. Information contained herein is considered to be pertinent at the time of publication, but may be invalid
10、ated as a result of subsequent legislations, regulations, standards, methods, and/or more updated information and the reader assumes full responsibility for compliance. This publication may not be copied or redistributed in part or in whole without prior written consent from ABS. ii ABSGUIDANCE NOTE
11、S ON USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES .2018 Table of Contents GUIDANCE NOTES ON USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES CONTENTS SECTION 1 Introduction 1 1 General . 1 3 Scope 1 5 Associated Documents . 1 7 Terminology and Abbreviations 2 SECTION 2 Application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles . 4 1 General . 4 3 Ap
12、plication to Class Survey 4 TABLE 1 Roles and Responsibilities 5 SECTION 3 Guidance for Service Provider Selection . 6 1 General . 6 3 Regulations . 6 5 Quality Management System 6 7 Safety Management System . 7 7.1 Safety Policy 7 7.3 Safety Risk Management 7 7.5 Safety Assurance 7 7.7 Safety Promo
13、tion . 7 9 Management of Change . 7 11 Recommendations for Service Provider Selection . 8 11.1 Equipment . 8 11.3 Personnel 10 11.5 Documentation 11 13 Liability 11 15 ABS Recognized External Specialist Program . 12 SECTION 4 Survey/Inspection Process . 13 1 General . 13 3 Operational Limitations .
14、13 ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES .2018 iii 5 Survey/Inspection Planning 13 5.1 Scope 13 5.3 Risk Assessment . 14 5.5 Flight Plan 15 7 Flight Operation 16 7.1 Pre-flight 16 7.3 In-Flight 16 7.5 Post-flight . 17 9 Data Review 18 11 Data Post-Processing . 18 13 Reporting . 18 APPE
15、NDIX 1 References 20 APPENDIX 2 UAV Design Standards 22 APPENDIX 3 Checklist for Asset Owners/Operators . 23 iv ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES .2018 Section 1: Introduction SECTION 1 Introduction 1 General An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is an aircraft with no pilot on board th
16、at is controlled remotely or able to fly autonomously based on a pre-defined flight route and/or dynamic automation systems. These Guidance Notes provide best practice recommendations on the use of UAVs to facilitate safer, more effective, and efficient inspections. 3 Scope The purpose of these Guid
17、ance Notes is to provide: i) Information related to the use of UAVs in conjunction with class surveys ii) Guidance to the marine and offshore industries on non-class-related UAV inspections If UAVs are used in conjunction with class-related activities: i) It is considered an alternative remote inspe
18、ction technique to assist the attending Surveyor in performing an examination of hard to reach structures. ii) Data supporting the crediting of class-related activities should be submitted to ABS. Note: The acceptance of the inspection results is at the discretion of the attending Surveyor. If the a
19、ttending Surveyor is not satisfied with the results provided by the UAV inspection, additional inspections using alternative or traditional inspection techniques may be required. For non-class-related inspections, recommendations on selecting a Service Provider, conducting flight operations and data
20、 handling should be considered to allow for a safer, more effective, and efficient inspections. These Guidance Notes are intended for pilot-operated UAVs, which may be referred to as Remote Piloted Aircraft (RPA), applications only. Local requirements and regulations for the use of UAVs should be ch
21、ecked and followed. These Guidance Notes cover: Applications of UAVs (Section 2) Guidance for Service Provider Selection (Section 3) Survey Process (Section 4) IACS Recommendations No. 42, Guidelines for Use of Remote Inspection Techniques for Surveys, were considered in the development of these Gui
22、dance Notes. 5 Associated Documents ABS Guidance Notes on Job Safety Analysis for the Marine and Offshore Industries ABS Guidance Notes on Risk Assessment Applications for the Marine and Offshore Oil and Gas Industries ABS Guidance Notes on the Investigation of Marine Incidents ABS Guide for Means o
23、f Access to Tanks and Holds ABS Guide for Dropped Object Prevention on Offshore Units and Installations ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES .2018 1 Section 1 Introduction ABS Guides and Guidance Notes on CyberSafety ABS Rules for Survey After Construction (Part 7) ABS Rules for Build
24、ing and Classing Mobile Offshore Drilling Units, Part 7, “Surveys” 7 Terminology and Abbreviations ABS Recognized External Specialist Program: A program that ABS administers to certify service providers who perform services on behalf of an equipment manufacturer, shipyard, vessels owner or other cli
25、ents in connection with classification and/or statutory services. Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) Operation: Operations where the pilot does not need to keep the UAV within their visual line of sight at all times. Civil Aviation Authority (CAA): The statutory corporation that oversees and regula
26、tes all aspects of civil aviation in the United Kingdom. Use of UAVs within the United Kingdom is subject to CAA regulations. Close-up Survey: A survey where details of structural components are within close visual inspection range of the Surveyor (i.e., normally within hands reach), which is define
27、d in the ABS Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels (SVR). A Close-up Survey may be referred by the offshore industry as “Close Visual Inspection” (CVI), which is defined in the ABS Rules for Building and Classing Mobile Offshore Drilling Units (MODU Rules). Digital Data: Visual data (e.g., s
28、till images, live-stream video, and recorded video), gauging data, and data from other emerging technologies. ESP: Enhanced Survey Program. Extended Visual Line of Sight (EVLOS) Operation: Operations that rely on one or more remote observers to keep the UAV in visual sight at all times. These remote
29、 observers, relay critical flight information via radio and assist the pilot in maintaining a safe separation from other aircraft. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): The national aviation authority of the United States, with powers to regulate all aspects of American civil aviation. Use of UAVs
30、within the United States is subject to FAA regulations. Flight Control Modules: An onboard system that can control a UAVs direction in flight. Hazardous Areas: In the context of these Guidance Notes, areas where flammable or explosive gases, vapors, or dust are normally present or likely to be prese
31、nt. Hazardous Area Plan: An arrangement plan clearly indicating the hazardous areas with classification levels. It may be referred to as “Area Classification Plan” by the industry. High-Definition (HD) Resolution: Video/Image of substantially higher resolution and quality than standard-definition (i
32、.e., 720P, 1080P, 4K). Job Safety Analysis (JSA): A technique that focuses on job tasks as a way to identify hazards. It focuses on the relationship between workers, tasks, tools, and the work environment. It also includes steps to eliminate or reduce the hazards to an acceptable level. JSAs can be
33、done formally, with requisite subject matter experts. They may be performed at the job site immediately prior to the beginning of a work activity. Metadata: Data that provides information about other data. The metadata that can be collected with still imagery and video includes, but is not limited t
34、o: time/date stamps, GPS location, camera orientation, focal length, shutter speed, aperture setting, ISO level, camera type, lens type, etc. Notice to Airman: A notice filed with an aviation authority to alert aircraft pilots of potential hazards along a flight route or at a location that could aff
35、ect the safety of the flight. Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM): In the context of these Guidance Notes, an original UAV equipment manufacturer. Overall Survey: A survey intended to report on the overall condition of the structure and to determine the extent of additional Close-up Surveys, which
36、 is defined in the ABS Rules for Building and Classing Steel 2 ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES .2018 Section 1 Introduction Vessels (SVR). An Overall Survey may be referred to by the offshore industry as “General Visual Inspection” (GVI), which is defined in the ABS Rules for Bui
37、lding and Classing Mobile Offshore Drilling Units (MODU Rules). Payload: The carrying capacity of a UAV in terms of weight. It normally refers to the reserved lifting ability of the UAV to perform additional operations excluding the basic systems required for flying. Pilot: An operator who directly
38、controls the flight of the UAV. Payload Operator: An operator who only controls the onboard modules of the UAV. Personal Protection Equipment (PPE): Protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other garments or equipment designed to protect a person from an injury or hazard. Quality Management System
39、(QMS): A set of policies, processes and procedures required for planning and execution (production/development/service) in the core business area of an organization. Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM): A technology developed to assess the integrity of Global Positioning System (GPS) sig
40、nals in a GPS receiver system. Remote Piloted Aircraft (RPA): A type of UAV that is controlled remotely by a pilot Safety Management System (SMS): A systematic approach to managing safety, including the necessary organizational structures, accountabilities, policies and procedures. Safety Risk Manag
41、ement (SRM): A key component of the SMS, meant to determine the need for, and adequacy of, new or revised risk controls based on the assessment of acceptable risk. Safety Assurance (SA): A key component of the SMS, meant to evaluate the continued effectiveness of applied risk control strategies and
42、supports the identification of new hazards. Service Provider: A company which provides specialized inspection services using UAVs. SOLAS: International Conventions for the Safety of Life at Sea. Standard Operation Procedure (SOP): a set of step-by-step instructions created by the organization to ass
43、ist workers in carrying out routine operations. Survey Planning Document: A document prepared by the Owner/Operator to support the survey pre-planning requirements for carrying out class-related surveys. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV): An aircraft with no pilot on board that is controlled remotely or
44、 able to fly autonomously based on a pre-defined flight route and/or dynamic automation systems. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles may be referred to by the industry as “drones” or Remotely Operated Aerial Vehicles (ROAVs). UAV is also referred to as Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS), a system which comprises o
45、f the unmanned aircraft (i.e., UAV) and its associated ground control station, data links, and other support equipment. In these Guidance Notes, UAV is intended for remote-controlled vehicles only. Visual Line of Sight (VLOS) Operation: Operations that keeps the UAV in the visual-line-of-sight of th
46、e pilot at all times. For example not flying a UAV into clouds or fog, not flying behind (or partially behind) topsides, jackup legs or other obstructions. ABSGUIDANCE NOTES ON USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES .2018 3 Section 2: Application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles SECTION 2 Application of Unmanned
47、 Aerial Vehicles 1 General UAVs are typically equipped with a camera and flight control modules that are capable of collecting visual data in the form of still images, live-stream videos, or recorded videos of difficult to reach structures. Listed below are a few examples of where UAVs can be used t
48、o aid/assist in inspection-related activities: i) Working at Heights: UAVs can reduce or eliminate the need for personnel to work at heights using conventional means of access (e.g., staging, scaffolding, rafting, etc.). ii) Preliminary Condition Assessment: UAVs can be used as a screening tool to q
49、uickly collect visual data at specified locations for preliminary condition assessments. iii) Known Condition Assessment Monitoring: UAVs can be used to periodically monitor temporary repairs that are in hard to reach areas. Additionally, known damage that does not require immediate repair can be monitored through photographic evidence or other data analysis collected by UAVs. iv) Damage Assessment for Rapid Response: UAVs can be used to assist rapid and timely damage assessment following certain situations (e.g., collision or grounding of vessels, etc.) It is
