1、 Guide for Use of Supercapacitors in the Marine and Offshore Industries GUIDE FOR USE OF SUPERCAPACITORS IN THE MARINE AND OFFSHORE INDUSTRIES DECEMBER 2017 American Bureau of Shipping Incorporated by Act of Legislature of the State of New York 1862 2017 American Bureau of Shipping. All rights reser
2、ved. ABS Plaza 16855 Northchase Drive Houston, TX 77060 USA Foreword Foreword Hybrid electric power applications are increasing in the marine and offshore industries. ABS recognizes the application of supercapacitor technology in support of the hybrid initiatives and its benefits for improving energ
3、y efficiency of the onboard power plant. Supercapacitors, as a commercialized energy storage device, exhibit beneficial characteristics such as high power density, a fast charging/discharging process, no thermal runaway characteristics, and wide operating-temperature range. The operating environment
4、 typical in the marine and offshore industries may differ from those considered when a supercapacitor system was originally designed and so necessitates a review of the environmental and operational aspects prior to adoption. ABS has produced this Guide to provide requirements and reference standard
5、s to facilitate effective installation and operation of on-board supercapacitor systems. The purpose of this Guide is to establish safety guidelines for owners, operators, shipyard builders, designers, and manufacturers. The supercapacitors covered by this Guide are also referred as Electrical Doubl
6、e Layer Capacitors (EDLC), Electrochemical Capacitors, or Ultracapacitors. Requirements applicable to conventional electrolytic capacitors used for power factor correction or harmonic filtering are contained in Part 4 of the ABS Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels. Supercapacitor technolog
7、y is continuously evolving with respect to materials and design. Alternative arrangements or new supercapacitor technologies may be considered provided it can be shown, through either satisfactory service experience or a systematic analysis based on sound engineering principle, to meet the overall s
8、afety standards of this Guide and the ABS Rules. This Guide becomes effective on the first day of the month of publication. Users are advised to check periodically on the ABS website www.eagle.org to verify that this version of this Guide is the most current. We welcome your feedback. Comments or su
9、ggestions can be sent electronically by email to rsdeagle.org. ii ABSGUIDE FOR USE OF SUPERCAPACITORS IN THE MARINE AND OFFSHORE INDUSTRIES .2017 Table of Contents GUIDE FOR USE OF SUPERCAPACITORS IN THE MARINE AND OFFSHORE INDUSTRIES CONTENTS SECTION 1 General 1 1 Introduction . 1 3 Application 1 5
10、 Scope 1 7 Terminology 2 9 Abbreviations and Acronyms 3 11 References 4 11.1 ABS . 4 11.3 IEC Standards . 4 11.5 Other References 5 11.7 Alternative Standards 5 13 Data and Plans to be Submitted . 5 13.1 General 5 13.3 Supercapacitor System Submissions 5 13.5 Supercapacitor Cell/Module Submissions .
11、 6 13.7 Capacitor Management System (CMS) Submissions 6 13.9 Supercapacitor Charger and/or Converter Submissions . 7 15 Onboard Documentation . 7 15.1 General 7 FIGURE 1 Supercapacitor Components (only use for reference) 2 FIGURE 2 Supercapacitor System . 3 SECTION 2 Supercapacitor System Design and
12、 Construction 8 1 Supercapacitor System . 8 1.1 General 8 1.3 System Arrangement . 8 1.5 Supercapacitor System Used as Emergency/Transitional Source of Power 9 1.7 System Protection . 9 1.9 Shore Connection 10 1.11 Control, Monitoring, Alarm and Safety Systems 10 1.13 Emergency Shutdown Arrangement
13、10 ABSGUIDE FOR USE OF SUPERCAPACITORS IN THE MARINE AND OFFSHORE INDUSTRIES .2017 iii 1.15 Ambient Temperatures 10 1.17 Integration 11 3 Supercapacitor Cells/Modules 11 3.1 General 11 3.3 Enclosure and Casing 11 3.5 Cooling and Prevention of Condensation 11 3.7 Nameplate Data . 11 3.9 Cell Connecti
14、on . 12 3.11 Supercapacitor Cell Life . 12 3.13 Supercapacitor Cell/Module Polarity 12 5 Supercapacitor Chargers/Converters . 12 7 Capacitor Management System 12 7.1 General 12 7.3 Voltage Balancing 13 7.5 Power Management System 14 SECTION 3 Supercapacitor System Testing and Installation . 15 1 Sup
15、ercapacitor System Testing Requirements 15 1.1 Supercapacitor Cell Tests and Measurement 15 1.3 Supercapacitor Module Tests and Measurement 15 1.5 Supercapacitor Charger/Converter and Management System Tests and Measurement 16 3 Supercapacitor Space . 16 3.1 General 16 3.3 Fire Safety . 17 3.5 Venti
16、lation 17 3.7 Environmentally-Controlled Space . 17 3.9 Hazardous Area Requirement . 18 5 Supercapacitor System Risk Assessment 18 7 Supercapacitor System Operation and Maintenance . 19 7.1 Installation and Commissioning . 19 7.3 Operation and Maintenance 19 TABLE 1 Summary of Type and Routine Tests
17、 and Measurement for Supercapacitor Cells . 15 TABLE 2 Summary of Type and Routine Tests and Measurement for Supercapacitor Modules . 16 TABLE 3 Summary of Tests for Supercapacitor Chargers/Converters and CMS . 16 SECTION 4 Supercapacitor System Surveys . 20 1 General . 20 3 Surveys during Construct
18、ion . 20 5 Surveys after Construction 21 5.1 General 21 5.3 Annual Surveys . 21 5.5 Special Periodical Surveys 21 iv ABSGUIDE FOR USE OF SUPERCAPACITORS IN THE MARINE AND OFFSHORE INDUSTRIES .2017 APPENDIX 1 Commentary on Supercapacitors . 22 1 General . 22 3 Supercapacitor Properties 22 3.1 Constru
19、ction 22 3.3 Supercapacitor Electrical Characteristics 22 3.5 Supercapacitor Connections . 23 5 Supercapacitor Use 23 5.1 Classes 23 5.3 Benefits . 23 ABSGUIDE FOR USE OF SUPERCAPACITORS IN THE MARINE AND OFFSHORE INDUSTRIES .2017 v This Page Intentionally Left Blank Section 1: General SECTION 1 Gen
20、eral 1 Introduction ABS recognizes the application of supercapacitor technology in the marine and offshore industries and its benefits for improving energy efficiency. This Guide has been developed to facilitate the effective installation and operation of supercapacitors. This Guide is to be used in
21、 conjunction with and as a supplement to Part 4 of the ABS Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels (Steel Vessel Rules) and the ABS Rules for Building and Classing Mobile Offshore Drilling Units (MODU Rules), or other ABS Rules as applicable. The basic safety principles such as having sufficie
22、nt power generation (storage) capacity, adequate standby and emergency power sources, continuity of supply in the event of a fault, and general electrical safety (such as proper cable sizing, appropriate insulation, appropriate equipment enclosure ratings, etc.) contained in the ABS Rules are to be
23、followed in general. Those specific requirements are not repeated in this Guide. 3 Application This Guide is applicable to marine and offshore assets designed, constructed, or retrofitted with a supercapacitor system used as an additional source of power with a capacity greater than 50 Wh. An option
24、al notation ESS-SC may be granted to those assets once the supercapacitor installation has complied with the requirements of this Guide. When Type Approval for supercapacitor system components is requested, applicants should contact ABS for the approval process. For ABS Type Approval Program require
25、ments, please refer to 1-1-4/7.7, Appendix 1-1-A3, and Appendix 1-1-A4 of the ABS Rules for Conditions of Classification (Part 1). See Section 2, Table 1 for certification details. Alternative certification schemes are also available as documented in 1-1-A3/5.5 of the ABS Rules for Conditions of Cla
26、ssification (Part 1). 5 Scope The supercapacitors covered by this Guide are also referred as Electric Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLC), Electrochemical Capacitors, or Ultracapacitors. For requirements applicable to conventional electrolytic capacitors used for harmonic filtering, please refer to the r
27、equirements in 4-8-2/9.23 of the Steel Vessel Rules. This Guide addresses the requirements related to supercapacitors installed onboard marine and offshore assets classed by ABS that meet the requirements in Subsection 1/3 of this Guide. Capacitor-type energy storage technology is a field that is co
28、ntinuously evolving with respect to materials and design. Alternative capacitor-type energy storage technologies and arrangements may be considered provided it can be shown, through either satisfactory service experience or a systematic analysis based upon sound engineering principles, to meet the o
29、verall safety requirements of this Guide and the ABS Rules. ABSGUIDE FOR USE OF SUPERCAPACITORS IN THE MARINE AND OFFSHORE INDUSTRIES .2017 1 Section 1 General 7 Terminology Electrochemical Capacitor. An electric energy storage device where an electrical charge is stored as a result of non-Faradaic
30、processes at one or both of the electrodes. (A subset of electrochemical capacitors referred to as an “asymmetric electrochemical capacitor” have non-Faradaic processes at one electrode and Faradaic processes at the other electrode.) The unique highly-porous electrode increases its surface area for
31、holding a charge, resulting in much larger capacitance and energy density than other types of capacitors. Electrochemical capacitors differ from common electrolytic capacitors in that they store a charge at the liquid-solid interface of the electrodes when a potential is applied rather than in a sol
32、id dielectric material covering the surfaces of the electrodes. Some other common names for an electrochemical capacitor are “double layer capacitor”, “ultracapacitor”, “electrochemical double layer capacitor”, “supercapacitor”, and EDLC. UL 810A Supercapacitor Cell. The basic electric energy storag
33、e unit inside of a supercapacitor system, which contains an assembly of electrodes, electrolyte, separator, and current collectors. Supercapacitor Cell String. A number of supercapacitor cells or modules connected in series to achieve a large voltage level of the supercapacitor system. Supercapacito
34、r Module. A group of supercapacitor cells connected together in a series and/or parallel configuration with or without protective devices and monitoring circuitry. FIGURE 1 Supercapacitor Components (only use for reference) Supercapacitor Pack/Rack/Stack. Energy storage device that is composed of on
35、e or more supercapacitor cells or modules electrically connected. It has monitoring circuitry that provides information to a supercapacitor system. Capacitor Management System. A supervision system that contains control, monitoring, balancing, and protective functions of the supercapacitor system. I
36、t monitors and/or manages its state, calculates secondary data, reports that data, and/or controls its environment to influence the supercapacitors safety, performance, and/or service life. Cell Balancing. The mechanism of forcing all supercapacitor cells within a supercapacitor module to have ident
37、ical voltages. Cell balancing is achieved by means of a “balancing circuit” (usually implemented as part of the capacitor management system). Without a balancing circuit, one or more cells (as a result of different internal equivalent series resistances) may become undercharged or overcharged, eithe
38、r of which can lead to a failure of the capacitor module. Cell balancing is not an instantaneous process and requires a period of time before cell voltages are balanced. Supercapacitor Space. Physical installation room including decks, bulkheads, overheads and all functions and components which cont
39、ribute to keep the supercapacitor system in the defined space at a specific set of environmental conditions (also known as capacitor room/compartment). 2 ABSGUIDE FOR USE OF SUPERCAPACITORS IN THE MARINE AND OFFSHORE INDUSTRIES .2017 Section 1 General Supercapacitor System. A complete system that co
40、ntains one or more supercapacitor cells/modules/packs with Capacitor Management System, ancillary devices, and protective components. An example supercapacitor system is illustrated in Section 1, Figure 2. FIGURE 2 Supercapacitor System Power Management System (PMS). A complete switchboard and gener
41、ator control system that controls power generation and distribution, including multiple switchboards and ring bus systems. The PMS on board marine and offshore assets is responsible for functions such as load sharing among different power sources and load shedding when generated power is insufficien
42、t. State of Charge (SOC). Available capacity in a supercapacitor cell/module expressed as a percentage of rated capacity. State of Health (SOH). An indication of the general condition of a supercapacitor cell/module compared to its ideal conditions (i.e., a new supercapacitor cell/module). The unit
43、of SOH is expressed as a percent number (e.g., 100% means the supercapacitor cells condition match all nominal manufacturer specifications). Concept of Operations (CONOPS). A CONOPS is a user-oriented document that describes system characteristics for a proposed system from the users viewpoint. IEEE
44、 1362-1998 9 Abbreviations and Acronyms The following abbreviations and acronyms are applied to the terms used in this Guide: ABS: American Bureau of Shipping CMS: Capacitor Management System CONOPS: Concept of Operations DPS: Dynamic Positioning System DVTP: Design Verification Test Procedures EMI:
45、 Electromagnetic Interference ABSGUIDE FOR USE OF SUPERCAPACITORS IN THE MARINE AND OFFSHORE INDUSTRIES .2017 3 Section 1 General ESD: Emergency Shutdown ESR: Equivalent Series Resistance ESS: Energy Storage System IEC: International Electrotechnical Committee FFES: Fixed Fire Extinguishing System L
46、EL: Lower Explosive Limit NFPA: National Fire Protection Association PMS: Power Management System PSTP: Periodic Safety Test Procedure SoC: State of Charge SoH: State of Health SOLAS: Safety of Life at Sea UL: Underwriters Laboratories UPS: Uninterruptible Power Systems 11 References 11.1 ABS ABS Ru
47、les for Building and Classing Steel Vessels (Steel Vessel Rules) ABS Rules for Building and Classing Mobile Offshore Drilling Units (MODU Rules) ABS Rules for Building and Classing Offshore Support Vessels (OSV Rules) ABS Rules for Building and Classing Facilities on Offshore Installation (Facilitie
48、s Rules) ABS Guide for Dynamic Positioning Systems ABS Guide for Use of Lithium Batteries in the Marine and Offshore Industries ABS Guidance Notes on Alternative Design and Arrangements for Fire Safety ABS Guidance Notes on Risk Assessment Application for the Marine and Offshore Oil and Gas Industri
49、es ABS Guidance Notes on Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) for Classification ABS Advisory on Hybrid Electric Power Systems 11.3 IEC Standards IEC 62391-1 Fixed electric double-layer capacitors for use in electric and electronic equipment Part 1: Generic specification IEC 62391-2 Fixed electric double-layer capacitors for use in electronic equipment Part 2: Sectional specification Electric double layer capacitors for power application IEC 62391-2-1 Fixed electric double-layer capacitors for use in electronic equipment Part 2-1: Blank detail specification Electric dou
