1、ACI 211.4R-08Reported by ACI Committee 211Guide for Selecting Proportionsfor High-Strength ConcreteUsing Portland Cement andOther Cementitious MaterialsGuide for Selecting Proportions for High-Strength Concrete UsingPortland Cement and Other Cementitious MaterialsFirst PrintingDecember 2008ISBN 978-
2、0-87031-314-1American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This materialmay not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or otherdistribution and storage
3、media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities,omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionallyfind information or requirements that may be
4、subject to more than one interpretation or may beincomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents arerequested to contact ACI. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata atwww.concrete.org/committees/errata.asp for the most up-to-dat
5、e revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate thesignificance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for theapplication of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any
6、way assume all risk andaccept total responsibility for the application and use of this information.All information in this publication is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express or implied,including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a pa
7、rticular purpose ornon-infringement.ACI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidental,or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may resultfrom the use of this publication.It is the responsibi
8、lity of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate tothe specific circumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard tohealth and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of allregula
9、tory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regulations,including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) healthand safety standards.Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on
10、CD-ROM, through electronicsubscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual ofConcrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phon
11、e: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgACI 211.4R-08 supersedes ACI 211.4R-93 and was adopted and publishedDecember 2008.Copyright 2008, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by anymeans, including the making of copies by any
12、 photo process, or by electronic ormechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproductionor for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writingis obtained from the copyright proprietors.211.4R-1ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Manua
13、ls, StandardPractices, and Commentaries are intended for guidance inplanning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction.This document is intended for the use of individuals who arecompetent to evaluate the significance and limitations of itscontent and recommendations and who will acceptresp
14、onsibility for the application of the material it contains.The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and allresponsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall notbe liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contractdocuments. If it
15、ems found in this document are desired by theArchitect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, theyshall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation bythe Architect/Engineer.Guide for Selecting Proportions for High-Strength Concrete Using Portland Cement and Other Cementitious Mater
16、ialsReported by ACI Committee 211ACI 211.4R-08This guide presents general methods for selecting mixture proportions forhigh-strength concrete and optimizing these mixture proportions on thebasis of trial batches. The methods are limited to high-strength concretecontaining portland cement and fly ash
17、, silica fume, or slag cement(formerly referenced as ground-granulated blast-furnace slag) andproduced using conventional materials and production techniques.Recommendations and tables are based on current practice and infor-mation provided by contractors, concrete suppliers, and engineers whohave b
18、een involved in projects dealing with high-strength concrete.Keywords: aggregate; fly ash; high-range water-reducing admixture; high-strength concrete; mixture proportion; quality control.CONTENTSChapter 1Introduction and scope, p. 211.4R-21.1Introduction1.2ScopeChapter 2Notation and definitions, p.
19、 211.4R-22.1Notation2.2DefinitionsChapter 3Performance requirements, p. 211.4R-23.1Test age3.2Required average compressive strength fcr3.3Other requirementsChapter 4Concrete materials, p. 211.4R-34.1Introduction4.2Portland cement4.3Fly ashWilliam L. Barringer*Donald E. Dixon Allyn C. Luke*G. Michael
20、 RobinsonMuhammed P. A. Basheer Calvin L. Dodl Howard P. Lux Anton Karel SchindlerCasimir Bognacki Darrell F. Elliot*Gary R. Mass James M. Shilstone, Sr.Michael J. Boyle*Timothy S. Folks Warren E. McPherson, Jr. Ava Shypula*Marshall L. Brown G. Terry Harris, Sr. Jon I. Mullarky Jeffrey F. SpeckRamon
21、 L. Carrasquillo Richard D. Hill H. Celik Ozyildirim William X. SypherJames E. Cook*David L. Hollingsworth Dipak T. Parekh Stanley J. VirgalitteJohn F. Cook Said Iravani James S. Pierce Woodward L. VogtRaymond A. Cook Tarif M. JaberJames Don Powell James A. WamelinkDavid A. Crocker Robert S. Jenkins
22、 Steven A. Ragan Michael A. WhisonantD. Gene Daniel*Gary Knight Royce J. Rhoads Dean J. White, IIFranois de Larrard Colin L. Lobo John P. Ries Richard M. Wing*Subcommittee members who prepared this report.Subcommittee Chair.The committee would like to recognize Tony Kojundic, Robert Lewis, and Micha
23、el Gardner for their significant contributions to this report.Frank A. KozeliskiChairEd T. McGuireSecretary211.4R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT4.4Silica fume4.5Slag cement4.6Combinations of other cementitious materials4.7Mixing water4.8Coarse aggregate4.9Fine aggregate4.10Chemical admixturesChapter 5High-s
24、trength concrete mixture properties, p. 211.4R-65.1Introduction5.2Water-cementitious material ratio5.3WorkabilityChapter 6High-strength concrete mixture proportioning using fly ash, p. 211.4R-76.1Fundamental relationship6.2Concrete mixture proportioning6.3Sample calculationsChapter 7High-strength co
25、ncrete mixture proportioning using silica fume, p. 211.4R-147.1Fundamental relationships7.2Concrete mixture proportioning7.3Sample calculationsChapter 8High-strength concrete mixture proportioning using slag cement, p. 211.4R-188.1Fundamental relationships8.2Concrete mixture proportioning8.3Sample c
26、alculationsChapter 9References, p. 211.4R-249.1 Referenced standards and reports9.2Cited referencesCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1IntroductionACI 211.1 describes methods for selecting proportions fornormal-strength concrete in the range of 2000 to 6000 psi.This guide supplements ACI 211.1 by pres
27、enting severalmethods for selecting mixture proportions for high-strengthconcrete and for optimizing these proportions on the basis oftrial batches. Usually, for high-strength concrete mixturesspecially selected cementitious materials and chemicaladmixtures are used, and achieving a low water-cement
28、itiousmaterial ratio (w/cm) is considered essential. Many trialmixtures are often required to generate the data necessary toidentify optimum mixture proportions.1.2ScopeDiscussion in this guide is limited to high-strengthconcrete produced using conventional materials and productionmethods.While high
29、-strength concrete is defined in ACI 363.2R asconcrete that has a specified compressive strength fc of8000 psi or greater, this guide provides methods for selectingmixture proportions for fc greater than 6000 psi. The followingrecommendations are based on accepted ACI 211.1 methods,current practice,
30、 and information from contractors, concretesuppliers, and engineers who have been involved in projectsdealing with high-strength concrete. The reader may refer toACI 363R for a more complete list of publications andreferences available on this topic.CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONSACI provides a co
31、mprehensive list of acceptable notationand definitions through an online resource, “ACI ConcreteTerminology” (American Concrete Institute 2008).2.1Notationfc = compressive strengthfcr = required average compressive strength2.2Definitionscement, slaggranulated blast-furnace slag that has beenfinely g
32、round and that is hydraulic cement. Note: beforeMarch 1, 2003, defined as: “hydraulic cement consistingmostly of an intimate and uniform blend of granulated blast-furnace slag and portland cement, hydrated lime, or both, inwhich the slag constituent is at least 70% by mass of thefinished product.”fl
33、y ashthe finely divided residue that results from thecombustion of ground or powdered coal and that is trans-ported by flue gases from the combustion zone to the particleremoval system.materials, cementitiouscements and pozzolans used inconcrete and masonry construction.pozzolana siliceous or silice
34、ous and aluminous materialthat in itself possesses little or no cementitious value but thatwill, in finely divided form and in the presence of moisture,chemically react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temper-atures to form compounds having cementitious properties;there are both natural and artifi
35、cial pozzolans.silica fumevery fine noncrystalline silica produced inelectric arc furnaces as a by-product of the production ofelemental silicon or alloys containing silicon.strengththe ability of a material to resist strain orrupture induced by external forces.The following terms are defined herein
36、 for the purpose ofclarification and used throughout this report:binary mixturesconcrete mixtures that contain twosupplementary cementitious materials.high strengthspecified compressive strength fc greaterthan 6000 psi.normal strengthspecified compressive strength fcequal to or less than 6000 psi.qu
37、ad blendsconcrete mixtures that contain four supple-mentary cementitious materials.slag indexpercent of compressive strength increaseresulting from the slag cement dosage relative to the 28-daycompressive strength of the same mixture without slag cement.ternary mixturesconcrete mixtures that contain
38、 morethan three supplementary cementitious materials.CHAPTER 3PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS3.1Test ageThe selection of mixture proportions can be influenced bythe age at which the strength level is required. Because mostSELECTING PROPORTIONS FOR HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE 211.4R-3high-strength concrete mixtu
39、res use fly ash, silica fume, slagcement, or other cementitious materials, high-strengthconcrete can gain considerable strength after the normallyspecified 28-day age. To take advantage of this characteristic,many specifications for the compressive strength of high-strength concrete have been modifi
40、ed from the typical 28-daycriterion to 56 days, 90 days, or later ages.3.2Required average compressive strength fcrACI 318 allows concrete mixtures to be proportionedbased on field experience or laboratory trial batches. To meetthe specified compressive strength requirement, fc , theconcrete should
41、be designed to achieve the required averagecompressive strength fcr . To do so, the concrete mixture isproportioned in such a manner that the average compressivestrength results of field tests exceed fc by an amount highenough to reduce the number of low test results.3.2.1 Proportioning based on fie
42、ld experienceWhen theconcrete producer chooses to select high-strength concretemixture proportions based on field experience, the requiredaverage compressive strength fcr , used as the basis for theselection of concrete proportions, should be the larger of thevalues calculated from the following two
43、 equationsfcr = fc + 1.34s (3-1)fcr = 0.90fc + 2.33s (3-2)where s is a sample standard deviation from 30 tests.Equation (3-1) is Eq. (5-1) of ACI 318. Equation (3-2) isEq. (5-3) of ACI 318. Equation (3-1) is based on the proba-bility of 1-in-100 that the average of three consecutive testsmay be belo
44、w fc . Equation (3-2) is based on the same prob-ability that an individual test may be less than 0.90fc . Theseequations use the population standard deviation, appropriatefor an infinite or very large number of tests. At least 30 testsare preferred to estimate the population standard deviation.Refer
45、 to ACI 214R when fewer tests are available.3.2.2 Proportioning based on trial batchesWhen theconcrete producer selects high-strength concrete proportionson the basis of laboratory trial batches, fcr may be determinedfromfcr = 1.10fc + 700 psi (3-3)Where the average strength documentation is based o
46、nlaboratory trial mixtures, it may be appropriate to increasefcr from Eq. (3-3) in accordance with ACI 214R to allow fora reduction in strength from laboratory trials to actualconcrete production.To assume that the average strength of field-producedconcrete will equal the strength of a laboratory-ba
47、tchedconcrete is contrary to experience because many factorscontrolled in the laboratory can influence the strength andvariability measurements in the field. Initial use of a high-strength concrete mixture in the field may require someadjustments in proportions for air content and yield and forthe r
48、equirements listed in Section 3.3, as appropriate. Oncesufficient data have been generated from the job, mixtureproportions can be reevaluated using ACI 214R and adjustedaccordingly.3.3Other requirementsConsiderations of properties other than compressivestrength may influence the selection of materi
49、als and mixtureproportions, including creep, drying shrinkage, resistance tofreezing and thawing, electrical conductivity, finishability,heat of hydration, method of placement, modulus of elas-ticity, peak temperature differential, permeability, pumpa-bility, tensile strength, time of setting, and workability. Morethan one requirement may apply to a concrete mixture. Inthis event, the best acceptable overall solution to propor-tioning the concrete mixture becomes the goal.In many cases, the attainment o
