1、ACI 232.1R-12Report on the Use of Raw or Processed Natural Pozzolans in Concrete Reported by ACI Committee 232First PrintingJuly 2012Report on the Use of Raw or Processed Natural Pozzolans in ConcreteCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This materi
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11、te Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgISBN 978-0-87031-773-6American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledge*Subcommittee member for this report Subcommittee Chair for this repor
12、tThis report reviews the use of raw or processed natural pozzolans in concrete and provides an overview of the properties of natural pozzolans and their use in the production of hydraulic-cement concrete. Long before the invention of portland cement, natural pozzolans mixed with lime were used to st
13、rengthen concrete and mortar. Today, they can be used to enhance the properties of fresh and hardened concrete and may provide economic value in some cases.Keywords: alkali-silica reaction; diatomaceous earth; lime; pozzolan; pozzolanic activity; strength; sulfate attack.ACI 232.1R-12Report on the U
14、se of Raw or Processed Natural Pozzolans in ConcreteReported by ACI Committee 232Karthik H. Obla*, ChairRobert E. Neal, Vice Chair Michael D. A. Thomas*, Vice ChairBruce W. Ramme*, SecretaryThomas H. AdamsJames C. BlankenshipJulie K. BuffenbargerRamon L. CarrasquilloBarry A. DescheneauxJonathan E. D
15、ongell*Thomas M. GreeneHarvey H. HaynesJames K. HicksR. Doug Hooton*Morris HuffmanJames S. JensenTilghman H. KeiperSteven H. KosmatkaWilliam J. Lyons IIIAdrian Marc NacamuliTarun R. NaikGerald C. PlunkSteve RatchyeMichael D. SerraAva ShypulaBoris Y. SteinLawrence L. Sutter*Oscar TavaresPaul J. Tikal
16、sky*Orville R. Werner II*Subcommittee MembersGregory S. Barger*Theodore W. Bremner*Per Fidjestl*Ken S. McPhalen*Stephen C. Morrical*Prasad R. Rangaraju*Caijun Shi*Thomas J. Van Dam*Consulting MembersMark A. BuryJames E. CookDean M. GoldenWilliam HalczakG. Terry Harris Sr.Jan R. PrusinskiHarry C. Roo
17、fDella M. Roy1ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendatio
18、ns and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be ma
19、de in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 232.1R-12 supersedes ACI 232.1R-00(06) and was adopted and published Ju
20、ly 2012.Copyright 2012, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual repro-
21、duction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.CONTENTSChapter 1Introduction and scope, p. 21.1Introduction1.2ScopeChapter 2Definitions, p. 2Chapter 3Historical use of natural pozzolans, p. 23.1Ancient histor
22、y3.2Modern historyChapter 4Natural pozzolans: descriptions, p. 64.1Calcined clay4.2Calcined shale4.3Diatomaceous earth4.4Metakaolin4.5Opaline shales4.6Volcanic materials4.7Other materialsChapter 5Reaction mechanisms, classification, and composition, p. 105.1General reaction mechanisms5.2Classificati
23、on systems5.3Chemical and mineralogical composition5.4Pozzolanic reactivity5.5Factors affecting pozzolanic reactivityChapter 6Effects of natural pozzolans on concrete properties, p. 156.1Concrete mixture proportions6.2Properties of fresh concrete6.3Properties of hardened concreteChapter 7Specificati
24、ons, test methods, quality control, and quality assurance, p. 207.1 Introduction7.2Chemical requirements7.3Physical requirements7.4General specification provisions7.5Methods of sampling and testing7.6Quality control and quality assuranceChapter 8Concrete production: handling, storage, and batching,
25、p. 228.1Storage and handling8.2BatchingChapter 9Uses of natural pozzolans in concrete and concrete products, p. 239.1Structural concrete9.2Precast, prestressed concrete products9.3Mass concrete9.4Concrete pipes9.5Concrete masonry units9.6Controlled low-strength materials9.7Grout and mortarChapter 10
26、References, p. 25CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1IntroductionPozzolans are made up of siliceous or siliceous and alumi-nous materials that, in finely divided form, will react with calcium hydroxide to form cementitious materials. The term “pozzolan” evolved from the name given to a deposit of volc
27、anic material located near Pozzuoli, Italy. This deposit, originally referred to as pozzolana, consisted of pumice ash, or tuff, comprised of trachyte found near Naples and Segni, Italy. Trachyte is a volcanic rock comprised primarily of feldspar crystals in a matrix of siliceous glass. Pozzolana wa
28、s formed from an explosive volcanic eruption in 79 AD at Mount Vesuvius, which engulfed Herculaneum, Pompeii, and other towns along the bay of Naples. Chapter 3 provides historical information about the use of pozzolans.The term “natural pozzolan” encompasses a broad range of materials. A few of the
29、se materials are pozzolanic in their natural state. However, most of the materials considered natural pozzolans require some type of processing to render the material pozzolanic. Some may require only drying and grinding/classifying, while others may require heat treat-ment and grinding to adequatel
30、y activate the pozzolanic nature of the material. Chapter 4 provides a brief descrip-tion of the various materials classified as natural pozzolans, which are the focus of this report.1.2ScopeThis report contains information and recommendations concerning the selection and use of natural pozzolans ge
31、nerally conforming to the requirements of ASTM C618-08. Topics covered include the effect of natural pozzolans on concrete properties, a discussion of quality control and quality assurance practices, and guidance regarding handling and use of natural pozzolans in specific applications.CHAPTER 2DEFIN
32、ITIONSACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through an online resource, “ACI Concrete Terminology,” http:/terminology.concrete.org.CHAPTER 3HISTORICAL USE OF NATURAL POZZOLANS3.1Ancient historyMany people associate the use of quarried building stones with the construction of structures by
33、 the Greeks, Romans, and other similar ancient civilizations. Concretes and mortars using various cementitious binders, however, were likewise used to some extent during these ancient times. These cementitious binders contained pozzolans of a natural origin, such as volcanic ash, pulverized pumice,
34、and diato-maceous earth. When these pozzolans were combined with burned limestone and mixed with water, the combination would form a cementitious material. Therefore, pozzolans have been used in mortar and concrete for several millennia American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.or
35、g2 REPORT ON THE USE OF RAW OR PROCESSED NATURAL POZZOLANS IN CONCRETE (ACI 232.1R-12)prior to the invention of the portland cement we know today, which was first patented in 1824 (Kosmatka and Wilson 2011). Chapter 3 reviews examples of the important role that natural pozzolans have played in the d
36、evelopment of mortars and concrete that has led to the development of todays mortars and concretes.In ancient times, construction throughout the world used mortar and concrete mixtures consisting of fillers and raw, or heat-treated, lime (Malinowski 1991). One of the oldest examples of a hydraulic b
37、inder dates back to approximately 5000 BC. The mixture consisted of lime and diatomaceous earth from the Persian Gulf (Malinowski and Frifelt 1993). The next-oldest reported use was in the Mediterranean region. This pozzolan was produced from the volcanic ash of two volcanic eruptions. The first eru
38、ption was recorded sometime between 1600 and 1500 BC on the Aegean Island of Theranow Santorin, Greeceand the second was recorded in 79 AD at Mt. Vesuvius on the bay of Naples, Italy. Both materials are volcanic ashes or pumic-ites consisting of approximately 80 percent volcanic glass (pumice and ob
39、sidian).Another example is an ancient water-storage tank with a holding capacity of 785 yd3(600 m3) that was discovered during archaeological excavations in the 1970s at the ancient city of Camiros on the Island of Rhodes, Greece. This struc-ture, which was built in approximately 600 BC, was used un
40、til 300 BC when a new hydraulic system with an under-ground water tank was constructed. This water tank has remained in very good condition for almost three millennia (Efstathiadis 1978). Examination of the materials used for this structure revealed that the concrete blocks and mortar used were made
41、 out of a mixture of lime, Santorin earth, fine sand (less than 0.08 in. 2 mm), and siliceous aggregates with sizes ranging between 0.08 and 0.79 in. (2 and 20 mm). Blocks were cast by placing the fresh concrete into wooden sidewall molds. Tests on a 0.79 in. (20 mm) cubic specimen extracted from th
42、e structure found the compressive strength to be 1740 psi (12 MPa). Mortars like these were known to have a composition of six parts by volume of Santorin earth, two parts by volume of lime, and one part by volume of fine sand. These mortars were used as the first hydraulic cements in aqueducts, bri
43、dges, sewers, and structures of all kinds. Some structures are still standing along the coasts of Italy, Greece, France, Spain, and in harbors of the Mediter-ranean Sea.Vitruvius, a Roman engineer who lived in first-century BC, wrote in The Ten Books On Architecture that the cements made by the Gree
44、ks and the Romans were of supe-rior durability because “neither waves could break, nor water dissolve” the concrete (Vitruvius 1960; Morgan 1914). In describing the building techniques of masonry construc-tion, Vitruvius indicated that the Romans developed supe-rior practices of their own from the t
45、echniques of the Etrus-cans and the Greeks. The Greek masons, who discovered pozzolan-lime mixtures sometime between 700 and 600 BC, later passed their knowledge of concrete to the Romans in 150 BC. During the 600 years of their domination, the Romans discovered and developed a variety of pozzolans
46、throughout their empire (Kirby et al. 1956).The Greeks and Romans built many such structures over 2000 years ago. Examples are the Roman aqueducts, sea walls, and marine structures on the islands of the Aegean Sea; in Syros, Piraeus, Nauplion, and other cities; the harbors of Alexandria in Egypt; Fi
47、ume, Pola, Spalato, and Zara on the Adriatic Sea; and Constanta (Romania) on the Black Sea. All provide evidence of the durability of pozzolan-lime mortar under conditions of mild weathering exposure.Roman monuments in many parts of Europe are in use today, standing as a tribute to the performance o
48、f pozzolan-lime mortars (Lea 1971). Perhaps one of the most notable buildings of the Roman era is the Pantheon in Rome. Constructed in approximately 125 AD, the Pantheon is still standing and in use today. As reported by Lea (1971), the 20 ft (6.4 m) thick walls are constructed of a tuff and pozzo-l
49、ana concrete. The dome, which spans 142 ft (43.3 m), is constructed of cast concrete that contains pumice and pozzo-lana, making it possibly the oldest known use of lightweight concrete.3.2Modern historyThe advent of portland cement, which was developed and patented by Joseph Aspdin in 1824 (Kosmatka and Wilson 2011), did not preclude the use of natural pozzolans. Pozzo-lans remained an integral part of concrete technology in the years following the invention of modern-day portland cement. Structures such as the Suez Canal in Egyp
