1、ACI 233R-03 supersedes ACI 233R-95 (Reapproved 2000) and became effectiveMarch 28, 2003.Copyright 2003, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by anymeans, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic ormechani
2、cal device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission inwriting is obtained from the copyright proprietors.1ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Manuals, and Commentariesare intended for guidance i
3、n planning, designing, executing, andinspecting construction. This document is intended for the use ofindividuals who are competent to evaluate the significance andlimitations of its content and recommendations and who willaccept responsibility for the application of the material itcontains. The Ame
4、rican Concrete Institute disclaims any and allresponsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not beliable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contractdocuments. If items found in this document are desired by theArchitect/Engineer to
5、 be a part of the contract documents, theyshall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by theArchitect/Engineer.Slag Cement in Concrete and MortarReported by ACI Committee 233ACI 233R-03(Reapproved 2011)Previously, ACI and other standard- and code-writing organizationsreferred to slag c
6、ement as ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS).Throughout the industry, however, the term slag cement has been the morecontemporary and commonly used terminology. ACI Committee 233,Ground Slag in Concrete, decided to review the terminology relating to thismaterial. In 2001, the slag cement ma
7、nufacturers, represented by the SlagCement Association (SCA), approached the committee and requested achange in terminology from GGBFS to slag cement.The technical merits of the terminology in question, as well as the effect onthe industry, have been analyzed and debated. Finding the request from th
8、eSCA as appropriate and reasonable, the committee decided to make the changein terminology.ACI Committee 233 and SCA have made similar requests to various ACIand ASTM technical and terminology committees to update or revise theirdefinitions and descriptions of this and related materials.Subsequently
9、, in this document, with the exception of some referencedpublications, the term ground granulated blast-furnace slag has beenreplaced with the term slag cement.The use of iron blast-furnace slag as a constituent in concrete as anaggregate, a cementitious material, or both, is well known. Recent atte
10、ntionhas been given to the use of slag cement as a separate cementitious constit-uent in concrete. This report addresses the use of slag cement as a separatecementitious material added along with portland cement in the productionof concrete. This report does not address slags derived from the smelti
11、ng ofmaterials other than iron ores. The material characteristics described andthe recommendations for its use pertain solely to cement ground from gran-ulated iron blast-furnace slag.Keywords: blast-furnace slag; cementitious material; concrete; granulatedblast-furnace slag; hydraulic cement; mixtu
12、re proportion; mortar; portlandcement; slag cement; specification.CONTENTSChapter 1General information, p. 21.1History1.2Scope and objective1.3Terminology1.4Environmental considerations1.5Origin of blast-furnace slag1.6Chemical and physical properties1.7Processing1.8Specifications1.9Hydraulic activi
13、ty1.10Factors determining cementitious propertiesChapter 2Storage, handling, and batching, p. 62.1Storage2.2Handling2.3BatchingBryant Mather*Editorial Committee ChairJames M. Aldred Darrell F. Elliot Mark D. Luther*Jere H. Rose*Leonard Bell Roy Heaps V. Mohan Malhotra Della M. RoyBayard M. Call R. D
14、ouglas Hooton*William C. Moore Peter G. SnowGeorge R. Dewey*Gunnar M. Idorn H. Celik Ozyildirim Michael D. A. Thomas*Ravindra Dhir Gerald D. Lankes Prasada R. Rangaraju*Members of the committee who prepared this report.ACI Committee 233 expresses its gratitude to the late Bryant Mather. From his pio
15、neering work until his death, Bryant had a profound influence on the understanding,development, and promotion of the use of slag cement in concrete.The committee acknowledges the contributions of Mark D. Luther, Past Chair, and Associate Member David Scott to the development of this report.Russell T
16、. Flynn*ChairThomas J. Grisinger*Secretary233R-2 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICEChapter 3Proportioning concrete containing slag cement, p. 233R-63.1Proportioning with slag cement3.2Ternary systems3.3Use with chemical admixturesChapter 4Effects on properties of fresh concrete, p. 233R-74.1Workability4.2T
17、ime of setting4.3Bleeding4.4Rate of slump lossChapter 5Effects on properties of hardened concrete and mortar, p. 233R-85.1Strength5.2Modulus of rupture5.3Modulus of elasticity5.4Creep and shrinkage5.5Influence of curing on performance5.6Color5.7Effects on temperature rise in mass concrete5.8Permeabi
18、lity5.9Resistance to sulfate attack5.10Reduction of expansion due to alkali-silicareaction (ASR)5.11Resistance to freezing and thawing5.12Resistance to deicing chemicals5.13Resistance to the corrosion of reinforcementChapter 6Uses of slag cement in concrete and mortar, p. 233R-156.1Introduction6.2Re
19、ady-mixed concrete6.3Concrete products6.4Mortars and groutsChapter 7References, p. 233R-157.1Referenced standards and reports7.2Cited referencesCHAPTER 1GENERAL INFORMATION1.1HistoryThe use of ground granulated iron blast-furnace slagcement (slag cement) as a cementitious material dates backto 1774
20、when Loriot made a mortar using slag cement incombination with slaked lime (Mather 1957).In 1862, Emil Langen proposed a granulation process tofacilitate removal and handling of iron blast-furnace slagleaving the blast furnace. Glassy iron blast-furnace slagswere later investigated by Michaelis, Pru
21、ssing, Tetmayer,Prost, Feret, and Green. Their investigations, along with thatof Pasow, who introduced the process of air granulation,played an important part in the development of iron blast-furnace slag as a hydraulic binder (Thomas 1979). Thisdevelopment resulted in the first commercial use of sl
22、ag-lime cements in Germany in 1865. In France, these slagcements were used as early as 1889 to build the Paris under-ground metro system (Thomas 1979).Mary (1951) described the preparation of slag cement bythe Trief wet-process and its use in the Bort-les-OrguesDam. This was done after World War II
23、when the supply ofportland cement was limited. The dam involved 660,000 m3(863,000 yd3) of concrete. The slag was ground wet andcharged into the mixer as a thick slurry.A sample of the Trief wet-process cement was obtained bythe Corps of Engineers in December 1950 and tested at theWaterways Experime
24、nt Station (WES) (Waterways Experi-ment Station 1953). In the WES tests, the behavior of theground slag from Europe was compared with slag ground inthe laboratory from expanded slag from Birmingham, Ala.Each slag was activated with 1.5% sodium hydroxide and1.5% sodium chloride by mass, with generall
25、y similar results.In the former Soviet Union and several European countries,the use of slag cement in alkali-activated systems where noportland cement is used has been found to provide specialproperties (Talling and Brandstetr 1989).The first recorded production of blended cement in whichblast-furna
26、ce slag was combined with portland cement was inGermany in 1892; the first United States production was in1896. By 1980, the use of slag cement in the production ofblended cement accounted for nearly 20% of the total hydrauliccement produced in Europe (Hogan and Meusel 1981).Until the 1950s, slag ce
27、ment was used in two basic ways:as a raw material for the manufacture of portland cement andas a cementitious material combined with portland cement,hydrated lime, gypsum, or anhydrite (Lewis 1981).Since the late 1950s, use of slag cement as a separatecementitious material added at the concrete mixe
28、r with portlandcement has gained acceptance in South Africa, Australia, theUnited Kingdom, Japan, Canada, and the United States,among other countries.In 2000, production capacity for slag cement was esti-mated by the committee to exceed 2,000,000 metric tons orMegagrams (Mg) annually in North Americ
29、a. In the UnitedStates, production of slag cement was estimated to exceed1,500,000 Mg, up from approximately 700,000 Mg in 1990.In 2000 there were at least nine companies supplying slagcement in the United States, up from just two in 1990. Thereare several companies making slag cement in Canada andM
30、exico, some of which was imported to North America inthe late 1990s.According to Solomon (1991), 13,293,000 Mg of iron blast-furnace slag was sold or used in the United States during thatyear. Today, much of this material could be used for theproduction of slag if granulating facilities were availab
31、le at allfurnace locations. More sources of slag cement may becomeavailable due to energy and environmental stimulus.The majority of slag cement is batched as a separate ingre-dient at concrete production plants. A significant portion ofthe slag cement is used in making blended hydrauliccements. Sla
32、g cement is also used for other applicationsincluding stabilizing mine tailings and industrial waste.1.2Scope and objectiveThe objective of this report is to compile and present experi-ences in research and field use of slag cement in concrete andSLAG CEMENT IN CONCRETE AND MORTAR 233R-3mortar, and
33、to offer guidance in its specification, propor-tioning, and use. Presented is a detailed discussion of thecomposition and production of slag cement, its use, and itseffects on the properties of concrete and mortar.Slag from the production of metals other than iron differsgreatly in composition and i
34、s not within the scope of this report.1.3Terminology1.3.1 Definitionsblast-furnace slagthe nonmetallic product, consistingessentially of silicates and aluminosilicates of calcium and ofother bases, that is developed in a molten condition simulta-neously with iron in a blast furnace.air-cooled blast-
35、furnace slagthe material resultingfrom solidification of molten blast-furnace slag under atmo-spheric conditions; subsequent cooling may be acceleratedby application of water to the solidified surface.expanded blast-furnace slagthe lightweight, cellularmaterial obtained by controlled processing of m
36、olten blast-furnace slag with water or water and other agents, such assteam, compressed air, or both.granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS)the glassygranular material formed when molten blast-furnace slag israpidly chilled, as by immersion in water.ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS)seecement
37、, slag. In this report, the more commonly used “slagcement” has replaced ground granulated blast-furnace slag.cement, blendeda hydraulic cement consisting essentiallyof an intimate and uniform blend of granulated blast-furnaceslag and hydrated lime; or an intimate and uniform blend ofportland cement
38、 and granulated blast-furnace slag, portlandcement, and pozzolan, or portland blast-furnace slag cementand pozzolan, produced by intergrinding portland cementclinker with the other materials or by blending portlandcement with the other materials, or a combination of inter-grinding and blending.cemen
39、t, portland blast-furnace slaga hydrauliccement consisting of an intimately interground mixture ofportland-cement clinker and granulated blast-furnace slag oran intimate and uniform blend of portland cement and finegranulated blast-furnace slag in which the amount of the slagconstituent is within sp
40、ecified limits.cement, slaggranulated blast-furnace slag that has beenfinely ground and that is a hydraulic cement.glassan inorganic product of fusion, which has cooled toa rigid condition without crystallization.1.4Environmental considerationsThe use of slag cement in concrete and mortar is an envi
41、-ronmentally sound and efficient use of existing resources.The use of slag cement has several benefits, includingreduced energy, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, andreduced virgin raw materials. Recognizing the positive envi-ronmental impacts of using slag cement, the EnvironmentalProtection Agency
42、 (EPA) actively encourages the expandeduse of slag cement, indicated as follows.Responding to Executive Order 12873 titled “FederalAcquisition, Recycling, and Waste Prevention,” the EPAissued a Comprehensive Procurement Guideline (U.S. Envi-ronmental Protection Agency 1994) that designated anumber o
43、f items, including cement and concrete containingslag cement, as products made with recovered materials.Section 6002 of the Resource Conservation and RecoveryAct (RCRA) requires agencies using appropriated federalfunds to purchase products composed of the highest percent-ages of recovered materials
44、practicable. The EPA (U.S. Envi-ronmental Protection Agency 1994) also issued a RecoveredMaterials Advisory Notice (RMAN) requiring that procuringagencies ensure that their guide specifications do notinappropriately or unfairly discriminate against the use ofslag cement in blended cement and in conc
45、rete.1.5Origin of blast-furnace slagIn the production of iron, the blast furnace is continuouslycharged from the top with iron oxide (ore, pellets, sinter),fluxing stone (limestone or dolomite), and fuel (coke,typically). Two products are obtained from the furnace:molten iron that collects in the bo
46、ttom of the furnace (hearth)and liquid iron blast-furnace slag floating on the pool ofmolten iron. Both are periodically tapped from the furnace ata temperature of about 1500 C.1.6Chemical and physical propertiesThe composition of blast-furnace slag is determined by thatof the ores, fluxing stone, a
47、nd impurities in the coke chargedinto the blast furnace. Typically, silica, calcium, aluminum,magnesium, and oxygen constitute 95% or more of the blast-furnace slag. Table 1.1 indicates the chemical analysis range formajor elements (reported as oxides) in blast-furnace slagproduced in the United Sta
48、tes and Canada in 1988.The ranges in composition from source to source shown inTable 1.1 are much greater than those from an individualplant. Modern blast-furnace technology produces lowvariability in the compositions of both the iron and the slagfrom a single source.To maximize cementitious propert
49、ies, the molten slagshould be chilled rapidly as it leaves the blast furnace. Rapidquenching or chilling minimizes crystallization and convertsthe molten slag into fine-aggregate-sized particles, generallypassing a 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve, composed predominantlyof glass. This product is referred to as granulated blast-furnace slag. The potential activity of a granulated blast-furnace slag depends, to a large extent, on the chemistry andTable 1.1Range of chemical composition of blast-furnace slags in the United States and CanadaC
