1、ACI 318-14Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary (ACI 318R-14)Reported by ACI Committee 318An ACI Standard Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14)An ACI StandardCommentary on Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318R-
2、14)An ACI ReportReported by ACI Committee 318Randall W. Poston, Chair Basile G. Rabbat, SecretaryVOTING MAIN COMMITTEE MEMBERSNeal S. AndersonFlorian G. BarthRoger J. BeckerKenneth B. BondyDean A. BrowningJames R. CagleyNed M. ClelandW. Gene Corley*Ronald A. CookCharles W. DolanAnthony E. FioratoCat
3、herine E. FrenchRobert J. FroschLuis E. GarciaBrian C. GerberS. K. GhoshDavid P. GustafsonJames R. HarrisTerence C. HollandShyh-Jiann HwangJames O. JirsaDominic J. KellyGary J. KleinRonald KlemencicCary KopczynskiColin L. LoboPaul F. MlakarJack P. MoehleLawrence C. NovakGustavo J. Parra-MontesinosDa
4、vid M. RogowskyDavid H. SandersGuillermo SantanaThomas C. SchaefferStephen J. SeguirantAndrew W. TaylorJames K. WightSharon L. WoodLoring A. Wyllie Jr.VOTING SUBCOMMITTEE MEMBERSRaul D. BerteroAllan P. BommerJohn F. BonacciPatricio BonelliSergio F. BreaJoAnn P. BrowningNicholas J. CarinoDavid Darwin
5、Jeffrey J. DragovichKenneth J. ElwoodLisa R. FeldmanHarry A. GleichH. R. Trey HamiltonR. Doug HootonKenneth C. HoverSteven H. KosmatkaMichael E. KregerJason J. KrohnDaniel A. KuchmaAndres LepageRaymond LuiLeRoy A. LutzJoe MaffeiDonald F. MeinheitFred MeyerSuzanne Dow NakakiTheodore L. NeffViral B. P
6、atelConrad PaulsonJose A. PincheiraCarin L. Roberts-WollmannMario E. RodrguezBruce W. RussellM. Saiid SaiidiAndrea J. SchokkerJohn F. SilvaJohn F. StantonRoberto StarkBruce A. SuprenantJohn W. WallaceW. Jason WeissFernando V. YezINTERNATIONAL LIAISON MEMBERSF. Michael BartlettMathias BrewerJosef Far
7、biarzLuis B. Fargier-GabaldonAlberto GiovambattistaHector HernandezAngel E. HerreraHector Monzon-DespangEnrique PasquelPatricio A. PlacenciaOscar M. RamirezFernando Reboucas StucchiCONSULTING MEMBERSSergio M. AlcocerJohn E. BreenNeil M. HawkinsH. S. LewJames G. MacGregorRobert F. MastJulio A. Ramire
8、zCharles G. Salmon*ACI 318-14 supersedes ACI 318-11, was adopted August 29, 2014, and published September 2014.Copyright 2014, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or
9、 by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.1*Deceased.Fourth PrintingErrata as of February 9, 2016ISB
10、N: 978-0-87031-930-3Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and CommentaryCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distri
11、bution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information or requ
12、irements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents are requested to contact ACI via the errata website at http:/concrete.org/Publications/DocumentErrata.aspx. Proper use of this document incl
13、udes periodically checking for errata for the most up-to-date revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the mate
14、rial it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume all risk and accept total responsibility for the application and use of this information.All information in this publication is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited
15、 to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement.ACI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, whi
16、ch may result from the use of this publication.It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate to the specific circumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard to health and safety issues and the use of
17、this document. The user must determine the applicability of all regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regulations, including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) health and safety standards.P
18、articipation by governmental representatives in the work of the American Concrete Institute and in the development of Institute standards does not constitute governmental endorsement of ACI or the standards that it develops.Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-
19、ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331Phone: +1.2
20、48.848.3700Fax: +1.248.848.3701www.concrete.orgPREFACE TO ACI 318-14The “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete” (“Code”) provides minimum requirements for the materials, design, and detailing of structural concrete buildings and, where applicable, nonbuilding structures. This Code addre
21、sses struc-tural systems, members, and connections, including cast-in-place, precast, plain, nonprestressed, prestressed, and composite construction. Among the subjects covered are: design and construction for strength, serviceability, and durability; load combi-nations, load factors, and strength r
22、eduction factors; structural analysis methods; deflection limits; mechanical and adhesive anchoring to concrete; development and splicing of reinforcement; construction document information; field inspection and testing; and methods to evaluate the strength of existing structures. “Building Code Req
23、uirements for Concrete Thin Shells” (ACI 318.2) is adopted by reference in this Code.The Code user will find that ACI 318-14 has been substantially reorganized and reformatted from previous editions. The principal objectives of this reorganization are to present all design and detailing requirements
24、 for structural systems or for indi-vidual members in chapters devoted to those individual subjects, and to arrange the chapters in a manner that generally follows the process and chronology of design and construction. Information and procedures that are common to the design of members are located i
25、n utility chapters.The quality and testing of materials used in construction are covered by reference to the appropriate ASTM standard speci-fications. Welding of reinforcement is covered by reference to the appropriate American Welding Society (AWS) standard.Uses of the Code include adoption by ref
26、erence in a general building code, and earlier editions have been widely used in this manner. The Code is written in a format that allows such reference without change to its language. Therefore, background details or suggestions for carrying out the requirements or intent of the Code provisions can
27、not be included within the Code itself. The Commentary is provided for this purpose.Some of the considerations of the committee in developing the Code are discussed within the Commentary, with emphasis given to the explanation of new or revised provisions. Much of the research data referenced in pre
28、paring the Code is cited for the user desiring to study individual questions in greater detail. Other documents that provide suggestions for carrying out the requirements of the Code are also cited.Technical changes from ACI 318-11 to ACI 318-14 are outlined in the May 2014 issue of Concrete Interna
29、tional.Transition keys showing how the code was reorganized are provided on the ACI website on the 318 Resource Page under Topics in Concrete.KEYWORDSadmixtures; aggregates; anchorage (structural); beam-column frame; beams (supports); building codes; cements; cold weather construction; columns (supp
30、orts); combined stress; composite construction (concrete and steel); composite construc-tion (concrete to concrete); compressive strength; concrete construction; concrete slabs; concretes; construction joints; conti-nuity (structural); construction documents; contraction joints; cover; curing; deep
31、beams; deflections; earthquake-resistant structures; embedded service ducts; flexural strength; floors; folded plates; footings; formwork (construction); frames; hot weather construction; inspection; isolation joints; joints (junctions); joists; lightweight concretes; load tests (structural); loads
32、(forces); materials; mixing; mixture proportioning; modulus of elasticity; moments; pipe columns; pipes (tubing); placing; plain concrete; precast concrete; prestressed concrete; prestressing steels; quality control; reinforced concrete; reinforcing steels; roofs; serviceability; shear strength; she
33、ar walls; shells (structural forms); spans; splicing; strength; strength analysis; stresses; structural analysis; structural concrete; structural design; structural integrity; T-beams; torsion; walls; water; welded wire reinforcement.NOTES FROM THE PUBLISHERACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Comment
34、aries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This commentary (318R-14) is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for th
35、e application of the information it contains. ACI disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising there from. Reference to this commentary shall not be made in construction documents. If items found in this commentary a
36、re desired by the Architect/ Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.The materials, processes, quality control measures, and inspections described in this document should be tested, monitored, or perfor
37、med as applicable only by individuals holding the appropriate ACI Certification or equivalent.ACI 318-14, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, and ACI 318R-14, Commentary, are presented in a side-by-side column format. These are two separate but coordinated documents, with Code text p
38、laced in the left column and the corresponding Commentary text aligned in the right column. Commentary section numbers are preceded by an “R” to further distinguish them from Code section numbers.The two documents are bound together solely for the users convenience. Each document carries a separate
39、enforceable and distinct copyright.American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.orgBUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE (ACI 318-14) AND COMMENTARY (ACI 318R-14) 3INTRODUCTIONThis Commentary discusses some of the considerations of Committee 318 in developing the provis
40、ions contained in “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14),” hereinafter called the Code or the 2014 Code. Emphasis is given to the explanation of new or revised provisions that may be unfamiliar to Code users. In addition, comments are included for some items contained in pr
41、evious editions of the Code to make the present commentary inde-pendent of the previous editions. Comments on specific provisions are made under the corresponding chapter and section numbers of the Code.The Commentary is not intended to provide a complete historical background concerning the develop
42、ment of the Code, nor is it intended to provide a detailed rsum of the studies and research data reviewed by the committee in formulating the provisions of the Code. However, references to some of the research data are provided for those who wish to study the background material in depth. As the nam
43、e implies, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete” is meant to be used as part of a legally adopted building code and as such must differ in form and substance from documents that provide detailed specifica-tions, recommended practice, complete design procedures, or design aids.The Code
44、 is intended to cover all buildings of the usual types, both large and small. Requirements more stringent than the Code provisions may be desirable for unusual construction. The Code and Commentary cannot replace sound engineering knowledge, experience, and judgment.A building code states only the m
45、inimum requirements necessary to provide for public health and safety. The Code is based on this principle. For any structure, the owner or the licensed design professional may require the quality of materials and construction to be higher than the minimum requirements necessary to protect the publi
46、c as stated in the Code. However, lower standards are not permitted.The Commentary directs attention to other documents that provide suggestions for carrying out the requirements and intent of the Code. However, those documents and the Commentary are not a part of the Code.The Code has no legal stat
47、us unless it is adopted by the government bodies having the police power to regulate building design and construction. Where the Code has not been adopted, it may serve as a reference to good practice even though it has no legal status.The Code provides a means of establishing minimum standards for
48、acceptance of designs and construction by legally appointed building officials or their designated repre-sentatives. The Code and Commentary are not intended for use in settling disputes between the owner, engineer, archi-tect, contractor, or their agents, subcontractors, material suppliers, or test
49、ing agencies. Therefore, the Code cannot define the contract responsibility of each of the parties in usual construction. General references requiring compli-ance with the Code in the project specifications should be avoided since the contractor is rarely in a position to accept responsibility for design details or construction require-ments that depend on a detailed knowledge of the design. Design-build construction contractors, however, typically combine the design and construction responsibility. Gener-ally, the contract documents should contain all of the neces-sary require
