1、Code Requirements forEnvironmental Engineering Concrete Structures (ACI 350M-06)and Commentary An ACI StandardReported by ACI Committee 350ACI 350M-06American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This m
2、aterial may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omissions, an
3、d errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents are requested to con
4、tact ACI via the errata website at www.concrete.org/committees/errata.asp. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata for the most up-to-date revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limita
5、tions of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume all risk and accept total responsibility for the application and use of this information.All information in this publica
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8、with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard to health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of all regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regula- tions, including but not
9、 limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) health and safety standards.Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and commit
10、tee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgCode Requirements for EnvironmentalEngineering Concrete Structures an
11、d CommentarySeventh PrintingErrata as of 4/29/15ISBN 978-0-87031-227-4ACI 350 Environmental Structures Code and CommentaryJon B. ArdahlVice ChairJohn W. BakerSecretaryWalter N. Bennett Carl A. Gentry Nicholas A. Legatos Jerry ParnesLucian I. Bogdan Gautam Ghosh Ramon E. Lucero Andrew R. PhilipSteven
12、 R. Close Charles S. Hanskat Andrew R. Minogue Risto ProticPatrick J. Creegan Keith W. Jacobson Lawrence G. Mrazek William C. ShermanRobert E. Doyle M. Reza Kianoush Javeed A. Munshi Lawrence M. TabatAnthony L. FelderVoting Subcommittee MembersIyad (Ed) M. Alsamsam Daniel J. McCarthyPaul Hedli Carl
13、H. MoonLawrence E. Kaiser Rolf P. PawskiSalvatore Marques Paul J. St. JohnCODE REQUIREMENTS FORENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERINGCONCRETE STRUCTURES (ACI 350M-06)AND COMMENTARYREPORTED BY ACI COMMITTEE 350ACI Committee 350Environmental Engineering Concrete StructuresSatish K. SachdevChairConsulting MembersWi
14、lliam Irwin Dennis C. KohlDov Kaminetzky Terry PatziasDavid G. Kittridge Narayan M. PrachandINTRODUCTION 1ACI 350 Environmental Structures Code and CommentaryThe code portion of this document covers the structural design, materials selection, and construction ofenvironmental engineering concrete str
15、uctures. Such structures are used for conveying, storing, or treatingliquid or other materials such as solid waste. They include ancillary structures for dams, spill-ways, andchannels.They are subject to uniquely different loadings, more severe exposure conditions, and more restrictiveserviceability
16、 requirements than non-environmental building structures.Loadings include normal dead and live loads and vibrating equipment or hydrodynamic forces. Exposuresinclude concentrated chemicals, alternate wetting and drying, and freezing and thawing of saturatedconcrete. Serviceability requirements inclu
17、de liquid-tightness or gas-tightness.Typical structures include conveyance, storage, and treatment structures.Proper design, materials, and construction of environmental engineering concrete structures arerequired to produce serviceable concrete that is dense, durable, nearly impermeable, and resist
18、ant tochemicals, with limited deflections and cracking. Leakage must be controlled to minimize contamination ofground water or the environment, to minimize loss of product or infiltration, and to promote durability.This code presents new material as well as modified portions of the ACI 318M-02 Build
19、ing Code that areapplicable to environmental engineering concrete structures.Because ACI 350M-06 is written as a legal document, it may be adopted by reference in a general buildingcode or in regulations governing the design and construction of environmental engineering concretestructures. Thus, it
20、cannot present background details or suggestions for carrying out its requirements orintent. It is the function of the commentary to fill this need.CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CONCRETE STRUCTURES(ACI 350M-06) AND COMMENTARYREPORTED BY ACI COMMITTEE 350ACI 350M-06 was adopted as a
21、 standard of the American Concrete Instituteon July 3, 2006 to supersede ACI 350M/350RM-01 in accordance with theInstitutes standardization procedure. ACI 350M-06 is a complete metriccompanion to ACI 350-06.ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended forguidance in planning, designi
22、ng, executing, and inspecting construction.This Commentary is intended for the use of individuals who are competentto evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommenda-tions and who will accept responsibility for the application of the materialit contains. The American Concrete
23、 Institute disclaims any and all responsi-bility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss ordamage arising therefrom. Reference to this commentary shall not be madein contract documents. If items found in this Commentary are desired by theArchitect/Engineer to be a p
24、art of the contract documents, they shall berestated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.Copyright 2006, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any formor by any means, including the making of copies by any photo proc
25、ess, orby any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, orrecording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge orretrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained fromthe copyright proprietors.12 INTRODUCTIONACI 350 Environmental Structures Cod
26、e and CommentaryINTRODUCTIONThe code and commentary includes excerpts from ACI 318M-02that are pertinent to ACI 350M. The commentary discusses someof the considerations of Committee ACI 350 in developing “CodeRequirements for Environmental Engineering Concrete Struc-tures (ACI 350M-06),” hereinafter
27、 called the code. Emphasis isgiven to the explanation of provisions that may be unfamiliar tousers of the standard. Comments on specific provisions are madeunder the corresponding chapter and section numbers of the codeand commentary.This commentary is not intended to provide a complete histor-ical
28、background concerning the development of the code, noris it intended to provide a detailed summary of the studies andresearch data reviewed by the committee in formulating theprovisions of the code. However, references to some of theresearch data are provided for those who wish to study thebackgroun
29、d material in depth.As the name implies, “Code Requirements for Environ-mental Engineering Concrete Structures” may be used aspart of a legally adopted code and, as such, must differ inform and substance from documents that provide detailedspecifications, recommended practice, complete designprocedu
30、res, or design aids.The code is intended to cover environmental engineeringconcrete structures, but is not intended to supersede ASTMstandards for precast structures.Requirements more stringent than the code provisions may bedesirable for unusual structures. This code and this commen-tary cannot rep
31、lace sound engineering knowledge, experience,and judgment.A code for design and construction states the minimumrequirements necessary to provide for public health andsafety. ACI 350M is based on this principle. For any struc-ture, the owner or the structural designer may require thequality of materi
32、als and construction to be higher than theminimum requirements necessary to provide serviceabilityand to protect the public as stated in the code. Lower stan-dards, however, are not permitted.ACI 350M has no legal status unless it is adopted by govern-ment bodies having the power to regulate buildin
33、g design andconstruction. Where the code has not been adopted, it mayserve as a reference to good practice.The code provides a means of establishing minimum standardsfor acceptance of design and construction by a legallyappointed building official or his designated representatives.The code and comme
34、ntary are not intended for use in settlingdisputes between the owner, engineer, architect, contractor, ortheir agents, subcontractors, material suppliers, or testingagencies. Therefore, the code cannot define the contractresponsibility of each of the parties in usual construction.General references
35、requiring compliance with ACI 350M inthe job specifications should be avoided, since the contractor israrely in a position to accept responsibility for designThe commentary discusses some of the considerations of the committee in developing the ACI 350MCode, and its relationship with ACI 318M. Empha
36、sis is given to the explanation of provisions that may beunfamiliar to some users of the code. References to much of the research data referred to in preparing thecode are given for those who wish to study certain requirements in greater detail.The chapter and section numbering of the code are follo
37、wed throughout the commentary.Among the subjects covered are: permits, drawings and specifications, inspections, materials, concretequality, mixing and placing, forming, embedded pipes, construction joints, reinforcement details, analysisand design, strength and serviceability, flexural and axial lo
38、ads, shear and torsion, development of reinforce-ment, slab systems, walls, footings, precast concrete, prestressed concrete, shell structures, folded platemembers, provisions for seismic design, and an alternate design method in Appendix I.The quality and testing of materials used in the constructi
39、on are covered by reference to the appropriatestandard specifications. Welding of reinforcement is covered by reference to the appropriate AWS standard.Criteria for liquid-tightness testing may be found in 350.1.Keywords: chemical attack; coatings; concrete durability; concrete finishing (fresh conc
40、rete); concrete slabs, crack width, and spacing; cracking(fracturing); environmental engineering; inspection; joints (junctions); joint sealers; liquid; patching; permeability; pipe columns; pipes (tubes);prestressed concrete; prestressing steels; protective coatings; reservoirs; roofs; serviceabili
41、ty; sewerage; solid waste facilities; tanks(containers); temperature; torque; torsion; vibration; volume change; walls; wastewater treatment; water; water-cementitious material ratio; watersupply; water treatment.The 2006 “Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures and Comme
42、ntary” arepresented in a side-by-side column format, with code text placed in the left column and the correspondingcommentary text aligned in the right column. To further distinguish the Code from the Commentary, the Code hasbeen printed in Helvetica, the same type face in which this paragraph is se
43、t.This paragraph is set in Times Roman, and all portions of the text exclusive to the Commentary are printed in this type face.Commentary section numbers are preceded by an “R” to further distinguish them from Code section numbers.INTRODUCTION 3ACI 350 Environmental Structures Code and Commentarydet
44、ails or construction requirements that depend on a detailedknowledge of the design. Generally, the drawings, speci-fications, and contract documents should contain all of thenecessary requirements to ensure compliance with the code.In part, this can be accomplished by reference to specificcode secti
45、ons in the job specifications. Other ACI publi-cations, such as ACI 301M, “Specifications for StructuralConcrete,” are written specifically for use as contractdocuments for construction.Committee 350 recognizes the desirability of standards ofperformance for individual parties involved in the contra
46、ctdocuments. Available for this purpose are the certificationprograms of the American Concrete Institute, the plant certifi-cation programs of the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute,the National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, and the qual-ification standards of the American Society of Concret
47、eConstructors. Also available are “Standard Specification forAgencies Engaged in Construction Inspection and/or Testing”(ASTM E 329) and “Standard Practice for LaboratoriesTesting Concrete and Concrete Aggregates for Use inConstruction and Criteria for Laboratory Evaluation” (ASTMC 1077).Design aids
48、 (general concrete design aids are listed inACI 318M-02):“Rectangular Concrete Tanks,” Portland Cement Associa-tion, Skokie, IL, 1994, 176 pp. (Presents data for design of rect-angular tanks.)“Circular Concrete Tanks Without Prestressing,” PortlandCement Association, Skokie, IL, 1993, 54 pp. (Presen
49、ts designdata for circular concrete tanks built in or on ground. Wallsmay be free or restrained at the top. Wall bases may be fixed,hinged, or have intermediate degrees of restraint. Variouslayouts for circular roofs are presented.)“Concrete Manual,” U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau ofReclamation, 8th edition, 1981, 627 pp. (Presents technicalinformation for the control of concrete construction, includinglinings for tunnels, impoundments, and canals.)GENERAL COMMENTARYBecause of stringent service requirements, environmentalengineering concrete structures should be designed anddetailed w
