1、ACI 351.1R-12Reported by ACI Committee 351Report on Grouting betweenFoundations and Bases for Supportof Equipment and MachineryReport on Grouting between Foundations and Bases for Supportof Equipment and MachineryFirst PrintingMarch 2012ISBN 978-0-87031-758-3American Concrete InstituteAdvancing conc
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11、ards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of ConcretePractice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgThis report provides an overview of current practices o
12、f grouting for support of equipment and machinery. Materials and instal-lation methods are described for epoxy and cementitious-based grouts used as the load-transfer material between equipment bases and their foundations.Characteristics of placed material, test methods for forecasting long-term per
13、formance, qualification of grout materials, founda-tion design and detailing considerations, and installation proce-dures are described.Keywords: bleeding; consistency tests; curing; durability; epoxy grout; cementitious-based grout; equipment grout; formwork (construction); foundations; grout; hydr
14、aulic cement grout; inspection; machinery grout; mixing; placing; sand-cement grout; stiffness; strength; tests; volume change.CONTENTSChapter 1Scope, p. 21.1ScopeChapter 2Definitions, p. 22.1DefinitionsChapter 3Grout, p. 23.1Requirements3.2Overview of nonshrink grouts3.3Selection3.4Common issuesCha
15、pter 4Nonshrink cementitious grouts, p. 54.1Introduction4.2Properties4.3Material requirements4.4TestingACI 351.1R-12Report on Grouting between Foundations and Bases for Support of Equipment and MachineryReported by ACI Committee 351David Kerins*, Chair Mukti L. Das*, SecretaryOmesh B. AbhatRichard P
16、. BohanWilliam L. BoundsWilliam D. Brant*Michael M. ChehabShu-Jin FangFred R. GoodwinShraddhakar HarshErick N. LarsonRobert R. McGlohn*Carl A. NelsonRichard OMalley*Michael A. Paipal*Ira W. PearceCharlie L. Rowan*William E. Rushing Jr.Yasser Salem*Larry W. SchulzePhilip A. Smith*WidiantoF. Alan Wile
17、ySheng-Chi Wu*Members of Subcommittee 351.1 who prepared this report. Subcommittee 351.1 Chair.1ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are compe
18、tent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable f
19、or any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/En
20、gineer.ACI 351.1R-12 supersedes ACI 351.1R-99 and was adopted and published March 2012.Copyright 2012, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechan
21、ical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.Chapter 5Nonshrink epoxy grouts, p. 105.1Introduction5.2Properties5.3Material requ
22、irements5.4TestingChapter 6Design, detailing, and construction, p. 146.1Design and detailing considerations for grout6.2Preparation for grouting6.3Grout mixing and placing6.4Curing and protection6.5Quality control/assuranceChapter 7References, p. 217.1Referenced standards and reportsCHAPTER 1SCOPE1.
23、1ScopeThis report provides an overview of current practices for grouting to support equipment and machinery. Recommen-dations are provided for those portions of the grouting oper-ation where a consensus could be developed among knowl-edgeable manufacturers and users. Various approaches are outlined
24、for areas where opinions differ. Many statements and much of the information contained in this report are based on published manufacturers data and observations and practical experience by technical representatives and users. There is little current published research available at this time, but the
25、 information in this report is the most current information available. This report describes materials and installation methods for grouts used as load-transfer mate-rial between machine or equipment bases and their founda-tions. Characteristics of the placed material, test methods for forecasting t
26、heir long-term performance, and installa-tion procedures are included. The information may also be appropriate for other types of applications where filling of the space between load-carrying members is required, such as under column baseplates or in joints between precast concrete elements.Machiner
27、y and equipment that have precise tolerances for alignment or require uniform support cannot be placed directly on finished concrete surfaces. Both the concrete surface and the machine base have irregularities that result in alignment difficulties and bearing load concentrations. For this reason, ma
28、chine bases or soleplates are aligned and leveled by shimming or other means, and the resulting space between the machine base and the foundation is filled with a load-transfer grout material. The load-transfer grout materials most frequently used are nonshrink cementitious grouts and nonshrink epox
29、y grouts.CHAPTER 2DEFINITIONSACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through an online resource “ACI Concrete Terminology” (http:/terminology.concrete.org). Definitions provided herein complement that resource.2.1Definitionsaggregate reductionreducing the normal four bags of aggregate used
30、with most commercial epoxy grout mixtures to two or three bags.amine blushcloudy finish to the surface of an epoxy grout that can inhibit bonding of subsequent applications.chockwedge or block for steadying a body and holding it motionless.cure timetime after setting in which chemical and physical c
31、hanges in the grout produces long-term durability strength and serviceability.flowable grouta cementitious grout consistency with a flow of 125 to 145 by the flow test in accordance with the applicable provisions of the ASTM C1437-07 test method; the flow expressed as a percentage of the original ba
32、se diameter after five drops of the flow table in 3 seconds.fluid grouta cementitious grout consistency with a time of efflux of 10 to 30 seconds when tested by the flow cone procedure of the ASTM C939-10 test method.grout shoulderthe portion of the grout that extends beyond the base plate toward th
33、e edge of the concrete foundation.plastic grouta cementitious grout consistency with a flow of 100 to 125 by the flow test in accordance with the applicable provisions of ASTM C1437-07 test method; the flow calculated after five drops of the flow table in 3 seconds.working timetime in which the grou
34、t can be placed without having a detrimental effect on the strength and serviceability of the grout.CHAPTER 3GROUT3.1RequirementsAfter placement and hardening in the space between a machine or equipment base and the foundation, the grout is expected to perform one of the following functions: Permane
35、ntly maintain the original level and alignment of the machinery or equipment and transfer all loads to the foundation when shims and other temporary posi-tioning devices are removed. Act together with shims or other alignment devices in the transfer of loads to the foundation. Provide only stability
36、 support or corrosion protection for shims or other alignment devices that are designed to transfer all loads to the foundation.The most important requirement for a grout intended to transfer loads to the foundation is the volume-change char-acteristics that result in complete and permanent filling
37、of the space. Plain grouts consisting of cement, aggregate, and water do not have these characteristics. Other properties of the grout, such as consistency, strength, chemical resistance, temperature resistance, and compatibility with the operating environment are also important. These properties, h
38、owever, are obtained more easily than the necessary volume-change characteristics.For most applications, the space between the founda-tion and the machinery or equipment base can best be filled by placing a flowable grout into the space. To maintain American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialww
39、w.concrete.org2 GROUTING BETWEEN FOUNDATIONS AND BASES FOR SUPPORT OF EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY (ACI 351.1R-12)permanent contact with the plate, formulate a grout using special additives. A plain sand-cement grout with a flow-able consistency could be placed in the space and may develop adequate stren
40、gth; however, after placement, the sand-cement grout will lose contact with the plate because of settlement, shrinkage, and bleeding or drying shrinkage. The result will be an incompletely filled space, leaving the equipment resting primarily or completely on the shims or other alignment device.3.1.
41、1 Volume change characteristics (nonshrink grout)When dealing with nonshrink grout, define the time at which the initial volume measurement is made. Was it made imme-diately after the mixing of the grout or after the grout had hardened? This determination of when to make the first measurement depend
42、s on the function of the product and its intended use. The function of a nonshrink grout, whether cementitious or epoxy, is to fill the void between the base plate and the foundation completely and permanently without shrinking or separating from either, and to transfer all loads from the base to th
43、e concrete foundation (or main-tain precise alignment). These requirements demand that the initial measurement be made at the time of the grout place-ment under the base plate.To better understand the nonshrink properties of a grout or support for equipment and machinery, a thorough study of ASTM C1
44、107/C1107M-11 should be made. ASTM C1107/C1107M-11 provides the test methodology for the nonshrink characteristics and compressive strength of nonshrink grout. Epoxy grout is briefly discussed in Section 3.2, and Chapter 5 discusses nonshrink epoxy grout.There are three test methods that are referen
45、ced in ASTM C1107/C1107M-11. The first is ASTM C1090-10, “Standard Test Method for Measuring Change in Height of Cylindrical Specimens from Hydraulic-Cement Grout.” This procedure measures the height change (volume change) from the time of placement until the grout has hardened and has been put into
46、 service.The second test method is ASTM C827/C827M-08, “Standard Test Method for Change in Height at Early Ages of Cylindrical Specimens of Cementitious Mixtures.” This test method measures the height change (volume change) from the time of placement while the grout is still in the plastic state and
47、 does not address hardened state expansion or shrinkage.The third test method is ASTM C109/C109M-11, “Stan-dard Test Method for Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm Cube Specimen).” This test method was designed for testing portland cement mortars made with a specially graded sand. These m
48、ortars are extremely stiff and are dry-pack in nature; whereas nonshrink grout varies in consistency from dry-pack to fluid (self-leveling). This test method does not address the variations in consistency. When fabricating procedures for 2 x 2 in. (50 x 50 mm) cubes are used as outlined in this proc
49、edure for highly flowable grouts, segregation will occur, indicating a strength that is far below the actual strength of the grout under testing.3.2Overview of nonshrink groutsSeveral placement methods and materials have evolved in an attempt to achieve the necessary volume-change charac-teristics for a material that can be placed between a machine base and the foundation that developed.3.2.1 Dry-pack (damp-pack)One of the first methods for permanently filling a space was to force (or dry-pack) a damp, cohesive mixture of sand and cem
