1、Guide for Cellular Concretes above 50 lb/ft3(800 kg/m3)Reported by ACI Committee 523ACI 523.3R-14First PrintingApril 2014ISBN: 978-0-87031-885-6Guide for Cellular Concretes above 50 lb/ft3(800 kg/m3)Copyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This materia
2、l may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omissions, and erro
3、rs in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents are requested to contact A
4、CI via the errata website at http:/concrete.org/Publications/DocumentErrata.aspx. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata for the most up-to-date revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and
5、 limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume all risk and accept total responsibility for the application and use of this information.All information in this
6、publication is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement.ACI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, including any special
7、, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result from the use of this publication.It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate to the specific circumstances in
8、volved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard to health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of all regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regulations, including bu
9、t not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) health and safety standards.Participation by governmental representatives in the work of the American Concrete Institute and in the development of Institute standards does not constitute governmental endorsement of
10、ACI or the standards that it develops.Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual o
11、f Concrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331Phone: +1.248.848.3700Fax: +1.248.848.3701www.concrete.orgThis guide addresses the materials, properties, design, production, and placement of cellular concretes with as-cast densities greater than
12、 50 lb/ft3(800 kg/m3). The usual density range of cellular concrete is 20 to 120 lb/ft3(320 to 1920 kg/m3). Cellular concretes in the lower portion of this range are used for many applications, such as roof thermal insulation and geotechnical fills. Cellular concretes in the higher density range are
13、 used for cast-in-place, precast applications and nonstructural floor fills.Keywords: cellular concrete; compressive strength; fire resistance; insu-lating concrete; lightweight concrete; mixture proportioning; modulus of elasticity; precast concrete; recyclability; shear properties; splitting tensi
14、le strength; structural design; sustainability; thermal conductivity.CONTENTSCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p. 21.1Introduction, p. 21.2Scope, p. 2CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS, p. 22.1Notation, p. 22.2Definitions, p. 3CHAPTER 3MATERIALS, p. 33.1Cement and supplementary cementitious materials,
15、 p.33.2Water, p. 33.3Preformed foam, p. 33.4Aggregates, p. 33.5Fibers, p. 33.6Chemical admixtures, p. 3CHAPTER 4MIXING AND HANDLING, p. 44.1Storage of materials, p. 44.2Mixture proportioning, p. 44.3Mixing procedure, p. 44.4Conveying, p. 44.5Curing, p. 44.6Weather considerations, p. 4CHAPTER 5FORMIN
16、G AND FINISHING, p. 55.1Form systems, p. 55.2Finishing, p. 5CHAPTER 6PROPERTIES OF CELLULAR CONCRETE, p. 66.1Physical properties, p. 66.2Mechanical performance, p. 76.3Durability, p. 8CHAPTER 7DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS, p. 9CHAPTER 8MIXTURE PROPORTIONING, p. 98.1General, p. 9Konstantin Sobolev, Chair Vi
17、vek S. Bindiganavile, SecretaryACI 523.3R-14Guide for Cellular Concretes above 50 lb/ft3(800 kg/m3)Reported by ACI Committee 523Felipe BabbittRonald E. BarnettCesar ChanMartin L. CorneliusBill T. DyeFouad H. FouadEdward (Ned) M. GlyssonMilton R. Gomez Jr.Ralph D. GruberWerner H. GumpertzRichard E. K
18、lingnerLeo A. LegatskiDaniel L. LiottiDarmawan LudirdjaBarzin MobasherJohn W. RoseSylvester B. SchmidtCaijun ShiJennifer E. TannerSilvia C. ValentiniBruce WeemsPeter T. YenRonald F. ZolloACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and
19、inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaim
20、s any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract do
21、cuments, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 523.3R-14 supersedes ACI 523.3R-93 and was adopted and published April 2014.Copyright 2014, American Concrete InstituteAll rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by
22、any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual repro-duction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright prop
23、rietors.18.2Material properties, p. 108.3Mixture proportioning, p. 108.4Example 1 (in U.S. customary units), p. 108.5Example 2 (in SI units), p. 11CHAPTER 9FIRE RESISTANCE OF CELLULAR CONCRETE ASSEMBLIES, p. 129.1Measuring fire resistance, p. 129.2Fire resistance studies, p. 12CHAPTER 10APPLICATIONS
24、, p. 1310.1General, p. 1310.2Placement by tremie, p. 1310.3Screeded floor fill, p. 1310.4Masonry and structural, p. 1310.5Lightweight architectural concrete masonry, p. 13CHAPTER 11CELLULAR CONCRETE AND SUSTAINABILITY, p. 1311.1Sustainability, p. 1311.2Energy efficiency, p. 1411.3Materials saving, a
25、lternative ingredients, and use of by-products, p. 1411.4Production method, p. 1511.5Site disturbances, p. 1511.6Applications greater than 50 lb/ft3(800 kg/m3), p. 1511.7Foaming agents, p. 1511.8Recyclability and reuse, p. 1511.9CO2sequestration, p. 15CHAPTER 12REFERENCES, p. 15Cited references, p.
26、16CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1IntroductionThis guide includes cellular concretes with as-cast densi-ties in the range of 50 to 110 lb/ft3(800 to 1760 kg/m3). Applications include, but are not limited to, insulating or geotechnical fills and cast-in-place and precast elements. A wide range of a
27、pplications is possible by controlling the as-cast density and mixture proportioning that influence the main physical properties, such as strength, modulus of elas-ticity, and thermal conductivity. Commercial uses include cast-in-place, nonstructural floor fills; precast or cast-in-place elements su
28、ch as wall panels; architectural applica-tions such as annular pipe fills (Fig. 1.1a); and pipeline aban-donments (Fig. 1.1b).Cellular concretes referenced in this guide contain stable gas cells uniformly distributed in a cementitious mixture (Fig. 1.1c). Typically, macroscopic bubbles are added at
29、the mixer as stable preformed foam metered from a calibrated nozzle and thoroughly blended into the slurry. This guide does not cover the addition of an in-place-foam admixture that may require vigorous mixing to entrap air. Cellular concretes in the density range covered by this guide may contain n
30、atural or manufactured aggregates.1.2ScopeThis guide applies to cellular concretes with cast densi-ties greater than 50 lb/ft3(800 kg/m3). Precast and cast-in-place cellular concretes are within the scope of this guide. Compressive strengths may vary widely and are specified based on a particular ap
31、plication. To assist in selection, proportioning, and production of cellular concretes, the available material property information and applications of cellular concretes are also addressed.CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS2.1NotationA = dry mass of aggregate, lb/yd3(kg/m3)Av= air content, percentag
32、eC = mass of cement, lb/yd3(kg/m3)D = oven dry density, lb/ft3(kg/m3)d = diameter of test specimen, in. (mm)Ec= static modulus of elasticity of concrete, ksi (MPa)F = resistance to freezing and thawing, cyclesfc = specified compressive strength of concrete, psi (MPa)fct= splitting tensile strength o
33、f concrete, psi (MPa)Gc= specific gravity of cementFig. 1.1aSliplined pipe.Fig. 1.1bPipeline abandonment.Fig. 1.1cTypical cell structure of cellular concrete.American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.org2 GUIDE FOR CELLULAR CONCRETES ABOVE 50 lb/ft3(800 kg/m3) (ACI 523.3R-14)Gs= s
34、pecific gravity of sandk = thermal conductivity of concrete, BTU/ftF (W/(mK)l = length of test specimen, in. (mm)P = applied load, lb (N)S = dry mass of sand, lb/yd3(kg/m3)wp= moisture content, percentagegf= as-cast density of concrete, lb/ft3(kg/m3)g = air-dry density of concrete, lb/ft3(kg/m3)rw=
35、density of water, lb/ft3(kg/m3)2.2DefinitionsACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through an online resource, “ACI Concrete Terminology,” http:/concrete.org/Tools/ConcreteTerminology.aspx.CHAPTER 3MATERIALS3.1Cement and supplementary cementitious materialsCement for cellular concrete sho
36、uld meet the requirements of ASTM C150/C150M (portland cement), ASTM C595/C595M (blended hydraulic cements), or ASTM C1157/C1157M (performance specification for hydraulic cement). Blended cements include portland cement with pozzolans, slag cement, or other hydraulic cements alone or combined. Blend
37、ed cement may result in slower rates of strength devel-opment during the first 3 to 5 days after placement. High-early-strength cement, such as Type III portland cement, produces cellular concrete with higher rates of early strength development.Cellular concrete may incorporate supplementary cementi
38、tious materials (SCMs) such as fly ash, silica fume, metakaolin, or slag cement to provide specific properties to the mixture. Reduced heat of hydration and increased flowability are a few of the attributes gained by using these cementitious materials. Because these mineral admixtures may differ con
39、siderably in composition, fineness, and other properties, trial batching should be used to confirm final properties.3.2WaterWater for cellular concrete should be potable and free of deleterious amounts of acids, alkali, salts, oils, and other organic materials (ASTM C94/C94M). Nonpotable water may b
40、e used if testing shows that it produces the required physical properties (ASTM C109/C109M; ASTM C191).3.3Preformed foamPreformed foam is created by diluting a liquid foam concentrate with water in predetermined proportions and passing this mixture through a foam generator. The density of the prefor
41、med foam is typically between 2.0 and 5.0 lb/ft3(32 and 80 kg/m3).The foam concentrate should have a chemical composi-tion capable of producing and maintaining stable air cells that can resist the physical forces and chemical interactions imposed during mixing, pumping, and concrete setting within t
42、he concrete mixture. If the cellular (air-cell) struc-ture is unstable, it could break down during these steps, resulting in an increased concrete density. ASTM C796/C796M and C869/C869M contain procedures for evaluating foam concentrates used to produce a standard preformed foam mixture. The most c
43、ommonly used proprietary foam concentrate formulations contain protein hydroxylates or synthetic surfactants. Further information concerning these formulations and procedures for using them is available from foam manufacturers.3.4Aggregates3.4.1 Aggregates for cellular concrete should conform to AST
44、M C33/C33M, C144, C330/C330M, or C332. The authority with jurisdiction might permit aggregates not meeting these specifications if they are shown by test or actual service to produce cellular concrete that meets the required unit weight, strength, durability, and fire resistance.3.4.2 The maximum ag
45、gregate size should not exceed one-fifth of the narrowest dimension between form sides, three-fourths of the minimum clear spacing between indi-vidual reinforcing bars or bundles of bars, or one-third of the depth of slabs. These limitations may be waived if work-ability and consolidation methods al
46、low concrete placement without honeycombing or excessive voids.3.5FibersCellular concrete may contain fiber reinforcement. Commercially available fibers include steel; alkali-resis-tant glass; synthetic fibers such as acrylic, aramid, carbon, nylon, polyester, polyethylene, and polypropylene; and na
47、tural fibers such as refined and raw cellulose, coconut, and bamboo.Fibers can affect flow characteristics and improve the stability of the cellular structure of a fresh mixture. They can enhance cellular concretes characteristics in the plastic state by controlling plastic shrinkage cracking by imp
48、roving early-age tensile strength. They also enhance cellular concretes characteristics in the hardened state, including post-cracking flexural and tensile strength, impact resis-tance, energy absorption, and spalling resistance (Zollo and Hays 1998).Specifiers should choose fibers based on performa
49、nce requirements. ASTM test methods such as ASTM C1399/C1399M and C1609/C1609M are useful in verifying performance. Specifiers should also verify durability of the selected fiber in the specific intended application.3.6Chemical admixturesCellular concretes may incorporate chemical admixtures such as water-reducing admixtures or accelerators. Water-reducing admixtures can improve compressive strength and reduce shrinkage cracking. Hot water, high-early-strength (Type III) cement, and chemical acceleratorsused alo
