1、ACI 543R-12Reported by ACI Committee 543Guide to Design, Manufacture,and Installation of Concrete PilesGuide to Design, Manufacture,and Installation of Concrete PilesFirst PrintingMarch 2012ISBN 978-0-87031-759-0American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeCopyright by the American Concret
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11、r in the annually revised ACI Manual of ConcretePractice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgThis report presents recommendations to assist the design architect/engineer, manufacturer, constructi
12、on engineer, and contractor in the design, manufacture, and installation of most types of concrete piles.Keywords: augered piles; bearing capacity; composite construction; concrete piles; corrosion; drilled piles; foundations; harbor structures; loads; prestressed concrete; quality control; steel re
13、inforcement; soil mechanics; storage; tolerances.CONTENTSChapter 1Introduction, p. 21.1General1.2Types of piles1.3Design considerationsChapter 2Notation and definitions, p. 52.1Notation2.2DefinitionsChapter 3Geotechnical design considerations, p. 53.1General3.2Subsurface conditions3.3Bearing capacit
14、y of individual piles3.4Settlement3.5Group action in compression3.6Pile spacing3.7Lateral support3.8Batter piles3.9Axial load distribution3.10Long-term performance3.11Lateral capacity3.12Uplift capacityChapter 4Structural design considerations, p. 164.1General4.2Loads and stresses to be resistedACI
15、543R-12Guide to Design, Manufacture, and Installation of Concrete PilesReported by ACI Committee 543William L. Gamble, ChairRoy M. Armstrong*Robert N. Bruce Jr. William Ciggelakis M. T. Davisson Rudolph P. FrizziJorge L. FuentesJohn S. KarpinskiJohn B. KellyViswanath Krishna KumarHugh S. LacyStanley
16、 MerjanClifford R. OhlwilerChad A. SaundersJohn A. TannerEdward J. Ulrich*Deceased.Consulting membersErnest V. Acree Jr. Jose I. RestrepoSpecial acknowledgment to Rudolph P. Frizzi for his contribution to this report.1ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in plann
17、ing, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The Ameri
18、can Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer
19、to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 543R-12 supersedes ACI 543R-00 and was adopted and published March 2012.Copyright 2012, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproductio
20、n and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obta
21、ined from the copyright proprietors.4.3Structural strength design and allowable service capacities4.4Installation and service conditions affecting design4.5Other design and specification considerationsChapter 5Seismic design and detailing considerations, p. 275.1Introduction5.2General seismic impact
22、s on pile behavior5.3Seismic pile behavior5.4Geotechnical and structural design considerations5.5Seismic detailing of concrete piles5.6Vertical accelerationsChapter 6Materials, p. 356.1Concrete6.2Grout6.3Reinforcement and prestressing materials6.4Steel casing6.5Structural steel cores and stubs6.6Spl
23、icesChapter 7Manufacture of precast concrete piles, p. 397.1General7.2Forms7.3Placement of steel reinforcement7.4Embedded items7.5Mixing, transporting, placing, and curing concrete7.6Pile manufacturing7.7Handling and storageChapter 8Installation of concrete piles, p. 438.1Purpose and scope8.2Install
24、ation equipment, techniques, and methods8.3Prevention of damage to piling during installation8.4Handling and positioning during installation8.5Reinforcing steel and steel core placement8.6Concrete placement for CIP and CIS piles8.7Pile details8.8Extraction of concrete piles8.9Concrete sheet pilesCha
25、pter 9References, p. 579.1Referenced standards and reports9.2Cited referencesCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1GeneralPiles are slender structural elements installed in the ground to support a load or compact the soil. They are made of several materials or combinations of materials and are installed by impact
26、 driving, jacking, vibrating, jetting, drilling, grouting, or combinations of these techniques. Piles are difficult to summarize and classify because there are many types, and new types are still being developed. This report covers only the types of piles currently used in North American constructio
27、n projects. A pile type can be assigned a wide variety of names or classifications by various agencies, codes, technical groups, and in various geographical regions. No attempt is made herein to reconcile the wide variety of names used with a given pile type.Piles can be described by the predominant
28、 material from which they are made: steel, concrete (or cement and other materials), or timber. Composite piles have an upper section of one material and a lower section of another. Piles made entirely of steel are usually H-sections or unfilled pipe; however, other steel members can be used. Timber
29、 piles are typically tree trunks that are peeled, sorted to size, and driven into place. The timber is usually treated with preservatives, but untreated piles can be used when positioned entirely below the permanent water table. The design of steel and timber piles is not considered herein except wh
30、en used in conjunc-tion with concrete. Most of the remaining types of existing piles contain concrete or a cement-based material.Driven piles are typically top-driven with an impact hammer activated by air, steam, hydraulic, or diesel mechanisms, although vibratory drivers are occasionally used. Som
31、e piles, such as steel corrugated shells and thin-wall pipe piles, would be destroyed if top-driven. For such piles, an internal steel mandrel is inserted into the pile to receive the blows of the hammer and support the shell during installation. The pile is driven into the ground with the mandrel,
32、which is then withdrawn. Driven piles tend to compact the soil beneath the pile tip.Several types of piles are installed by drilling or rotating with downward pressure, instead of driving. Drilled piles usually involve concrete or grout placement in direct contact with the soil, which can produce si
33、de-friction resistance greater than that observed for driven piles. On the other hand, because they are drilled rather than driven, drilled piles do not compact the soil beneath the pile tip and, in fact, can loosen the soil at the tip. Post-grouting may be used after installation to densify the soi
34、l under the pile tip.Concrete piles are classified according to the condi-tion under which the concrete is cast. Some concrete piles (precast piles) are cast in a plant before driving, which allows controlled inspection of all phases of manufacture. Other piles are cast-in-place (CIP), a term used i
35、n this report to designate piles made of concrete placed into a previously-driven, enclosed container. Concrete-filled corrugated shells and closed-end pipe are examples of CIP piles. Other piles are cast-in-situ (CIS), a term used in this report to designate concrete cast directly against the earth
36、. Drilled piers and auger-grout piles are examples of CIS piles.1.2Types of piles1.2.1 Precast concrete pilesThis general classification covers both conventionally reinforced concrete piles and prestressed concrete piles. Both types can be formed by casting, spinning (centrifugal casting), slipformi
37、ng, or extrusion and are made in various cross-sectional shapes, such as triangular, square, octagonal, and round. Some piles are cast with a hollow core. Precast piles usually have a uniform cross section but can have a tapered tip. Precast concrete piles are designed and manufactured to withstand
38、handling and driving stresses in addition to service loads.American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.org2 GUIDE TO DESIGN, MANUFACTURE, AND INSTALLATION OF CONCRETE PILES (ACI 543R-12)1.2.1.1 Reinforced concrete pilesThese piles are constructed of conventionally reinforced concret
39、e with internal reinforcement consisting of a cage made up of several longitudinal steel bars and lateral steel in the form of individual ties or a spiral.1.2.1.2 Prestressed concrete pilesThese piles are constructed using steel rods, strands, or wires under tension. The prestressing steel is typica
40、lly enclosed in wire spirals or ties. Nonmetallic strands have also been studied for use in piles (Sen et al. 1998a,b, 1999a,b), but their use is not covered in this report.Prestressed piles can either be pre- or post-tensioned. Pretensioned piles are usually cast full length in permanent casting be
41、ds. Post-tensioned piles are usually manufactured in sections that are then assembled and prestressed to the required pile lengths in the manufacturing plant or at the job site.1.2.1.3 Sectional precast concrete pilesThese types of piles are either conventionally reinforced or prestressed pile secti
42、ons with splices or mechanisms that extend them to the required length. Splices typically provide the full compressive strength of the pile, and some splices can provide the full tension, bending, and shear strength. Conventionally reinforced and prestressed pile sections can be combined in the same
43、 pile for design purposes if desired.1.2.2 Cast-in-place concrete pilesGenerally, CIP piles may be a corrugated, mandrel-driven, steel shell, or a top-driven or mandrel-driven steel pipe; all have a closed end. Concrete is cast into the shell or pipe after driving. Thus, unless it becomes necessary
44、to re-drive the pile after concrete placement, the concrete is not subjected to driving stresses.The corrugated shells can be of uniform section, tapered, or stepped cylinders, also known as step-taper. Pipe is also available in similar configurations, but normally is of uniform section or a uniform
45、 upper section with a tapered lower section.CIP pile casings can be inspected internally before concrete placement. Reinforcing steel can be added full-length or partial-length, as dictated by the design.1.2.3 Enlarged-tip pilesIn granular soils, pile-tip enlargement generally increases pile bearing
46、 capacity. One type of enlarged-tip pile, also called a compacted concrete pile, is formed by bottom-driving a tube with a concrete plug to the desired depth. The concrete plug is then forced out into the soil as concrete is added. Upon completion of the base, the tube is withdrawn while expanding c
47、oncrete out of the tip of the tube; this forms a CIS concrete shaft. Alternately, a pipe or corrugated shell casing can be bottom-driven into the base and the tube withdrawn. The resulting annular space (between soil and pile) either closes onto the shell, or else granular filler material is added t
48、o fill the space. The pile is then completed as a CIP concrete pile. In either the CIS or CIP configuration, reinforcing steel can be added to the shaft as dictated by the design.Another enlarged-tip pile consists of a precast reinforced concrete base in the shape of a frustum of a cone that is atta
49、ched to a pile shaft. Most frequently, the shaft is a corru-gated shell or thin-walled pipe, with the shaft and enlarged-tip base being mandrel-driven to bear in generally granular subsoils. There will be an annular space between the pile and soil, as noted previously. The pile shaft is completed as a CIP pile, and reinforcement is added as dictated by the design. Precast, enlarged-tip bases have also been used with solid shafts, such as timber piles. Precast, enlarged-tip bases can be constructed in a wide range of size
