1、ACI 546.2R-10Reported by ACI Committee 546Guide to Underwater Repairof ConcreteGuide to Underwater Repair of ConcreteFirst PrintingJune 2010ISBN 978-0-87031-383-7American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights rese
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10、 in the annually revised ACI Manual ofConcrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgACI 546.2R-10 supersedes ACI 546.2R-98 and was adopted and published June 2010.Copyright 2010, American
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15、rchitect/Engineer.Guide to Underwater Repair of ConcreteReported by ACI Committee 546ACI 546.2R-10This document provides guidance on the selection and application ofmaterials and methods for the repair and strengthening of concrete structuresunder water. An overview of materials and methods for unde
16、rwater repairis presented as a guide for making a selection for a particular application.References are provided for additional information about selected materialsand construction methods.Keywords: anti-washout; cathodic protection; concrete removal; deteriora-tion; diver; formwork; marine placemen
17、t; pile-jackets; polymer(s); repair;surface preparation; tremie; underwater.CONTENTSChapter 1General, p. 546.2R-21.1Introduction1.2Scope1.3Underwater access technologyChapter 2Notation and definitions, p. 546.2R-42.1Notation2.2DefinitionsChapter 3Causes of deterioration, p. 546.2R-53.1Deficient cons
18、truction practices3.2Marine organisms3.3Chemical attack3.4Corrosion3.5Mechanical damage3.6Freezing and thawing damage3.7Salt scaling3.8ScourJames Peter Barlow Fred R. Goodwin John S. Lund Joe SolomonPaul D. Carter Harald G. Greve James E. McDonald*Michael M. SprinkelMichael M. Chehab Ron Heffron Law
19、rence G. Mrazek Ronald R. StankieMarwan A. Daye Robert F. Joyce Myles A. Murray Alexander M. Vaysburd*Peter H. Emmons Lawrence F. Kahn Jay H. Paul Kurt WagnerMichael J. Garlich*Brian F. Keane Richard C. Reed*Patrick M. WatsonTimothy R. W. Gillespie Benjamin Lavon Johan L. Silfwerbrand Mark V. Ziegle
20、r*Yelena S. Golod Kenneth M. Lozen*Subcommittee members who prepared this guide.Paul E. Gaudette*ChairDavid W. Whitmore*Secretary546.2R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORTChapter 4Investigation and evaluation,p. 546.2R-84.1Introduction4.2Visual inspection4.3Tactile inspection4.4Underwater nondestructive testing
21、of concrete4.5Sampling and destructive testing4.6EvaluationChapter 5Preparation for repair, p. 546.2R-125.1General5.2Excavation and debris removal5.3Concrete removal5.4Surface preparation5.5Reinforcement preparation5.6Concrete anchorsChapter 6Formwork, p. 546.2R-146.1General6.2Rigid forms6.3Semi-rig
22、id forms6.4Flexible formsChapter 7Materials and methods, p. 546.2R-197.1General considerations7.2Anti-washout admixtures7.3Preplaced-aggregate concrete7.4Tremie concrete7.5Pumped concrete and grout7.6Free dump through water7.7Epoxy grouting7.8Epoxy injection7.9Gloved-hand placement7.10Geomembrane sy
23、stems7.11Cathodic protection7.12Fiber-reinforced polymersChapter 8Inspection of repairs, p. 546.2R-288.1Introduction8.2Procedure8.3DocumentationChapter 9References, p. 546.2R-299.1Referenced standards and reports9.2Cited referencesCHAPTER 1GENERAL1.1IntroductionThe repair of concrete structures unde
24、r water presents manycomplex problems. Although the applicable basic repairprocedures and materials are similar to those required in typicalconcrete repair, the harsh environmental conditions and specificproblems associated with working under water or in the splashzone area (Fig. 1.1) create many di
25、fferences. The repair ofconcrete under water is usually difficult, requiring specializedproducts and systems, and the services of highly qualified andexperienced design professionals and contractors.Proper evaluation of existing structural condition is theessential first step in designing long-term
26、repairs. To be mosteffective, the evaluation procedure should begin with a reviewof historical information on the structure and its environment,including any changes made to the structure over time andthe records of prior on-site inspections or repairs. Accuraterepairs can be designed only after the
27、 extent of deteriorationis documented and the failure mechanism is determined. Inaddition, proper repair techniques and installation proceduresshould be followed to produce an optimum repair system.Underwater concrete deterioration is a serious economicproblem (Fig. 1.2 and 1.3). Water containing ox
28、ygen andcontaminants can aggressively attack concrete. Selectingappropriate repair materials and methods, and maintainingquality control not normally associated with repair abovewater are critical when working in a marine environment. Assuch, underwater repair of concrete is a specialized and highly
29、technical part of concrete repair technology. Successful repairscan be achieved when these factors are carefully implemented.This guide provides an overview of the current status of under-water repair technology to assist the design professional,contractor, and owner in making repair decisions.1.2Sc
30、opeThis guide covers the repair of concrete structures in thesplash zone and underwater portions of structures located inlakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater. Concrete deterioration,investigation and testing procedures, preparation, materialsand methodology, and inspection procedures are described
31、.Design considerations and references for underwater repairof concrete bridges, wharves, pipelines, piers, outfalls, bulk-heads, and offshore structures are identified. Scour repair,however, is not included in this guide.One option for repairing underwater structures is toconstruct a cofferdam aroun
32、d the structure and remove thewater inside the cofferdam. Concrete repairs can then beinstalled in the dry, as discussed in ACI 546R.1.3Underwater access technologyUnderwater work is generally classified into one of twobroad categories for accessing the work site: diving or aremotely operated vehicl
33、e (ROV).Diving is the traditional method of performing tasks underwater. In this category, the diver is equipped with life-support systems that provide breathable air and protectionfrom the elements. Manned diving systems include SCUBA(self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) andsurface-suppli
34、ed air. When employing SCUBA, the diver issupplied with breathing air (or gas) from a tank carried by thediver. In surface supply diving, the breathing medium issupplied to the diver through a hose connected to the air (orgas) supply above water.Performance of duties at higher than one atmosphereamb
35、ient pressure causes a multitude of physiologicalchanges within the human body. For example, body tissuesabsorb and shed gases at different rates than those normallyexperienced on the surface. Because of this, the time availableto perform work under water decreases rapidly withincreased water depth.
36、 For example, industry standardsallow a diver using compressed air to work at 30 ft (10 m) forUNDERWATER REPAIR OF CONCRETE 546.2R-3an unlimited period of time. If work, however, is beingperformed at 60 ft (20 m), the diver can only work forapproximately 60 minutes without special precautions toprev
37、ent decompression sickness. The sophistication (andhence, the cost) of the diving systems used on a projectincreases with increased depth.When manned diving is used deeper than 180 ft (60 m) ofwater, most divers elect to use specially formulated mixturesof gases rather than compressed air. To increa
38、se efficiency,these diving operations are often enhanced with diving bells,which are used to maintain the divers at working depths forextended periods of time. Divers may be supported at waterFig. 1.1Repair zones: submerged, tidal, and exposed.Fig. 1.2Deteriorated pile in tidal and exposed zones.(Fi
39、gure courtesy of Michael J. Garlich.)Fig. 1.3Advanced deterioration; pile has been cleaned.(Figure courtesy of Michael J. Garlich.)546.2R-4 ACI COMMITTEE REPORTdepths where the work is performed for weeks at a time. Thetechnologies associated with mixed gas diving are changingrapidly as people work
40、at deeper depths.The One Atmosphere Diving Suit (Hard Suits, Inc. 1997)is capable of supporting divers at depths as great as 2100 ft(640 m) with an internal suit pressure of one atmosphere.The diver works in an ambient pressure equivalent to that onthe surface; therefore, the time at depth is virtua
41、lly unrestricted.The suit looks much like a hollow robot. The arms areequipped with claw-like operating devices, which reducemanual dexterity. The suits are cumbersome and difficult toposition because mobility is provided by external propulsiondevices, ballast tanks, or cables suspended from topside
42、support vessels.Remotely operated vehicles are underwater robotscontrolled by remote crews through an umbilical or tether(Fig. 1.4) (Vadus and Busby 1979; MTS 1984). The umbilicalcarries power to the ROV, along with command and controlsignals from the crew. Remotely operated vehicles typicallyhave f
43、ree range of movement and range in size from small“flying eyeball” (Fig. 1.5) models to larger Work Classmodels (Fig. 1.6). Flying eyeball ROVs are typicallyequipped with only a camera and used for inspection orobservation activities. Work Class ROVs are also equippedwith cameras, but can have manip
44、ulator arms, cutting tools,high-definition imaging sonar, and other equipment to assistin construction support (NRC 1996). More advanced toolingpackages can be added for trenching, bolting pipelineflanges, and differential pressure work, such as hydroelectricfacilities repairs. Advanced position sys
45、tems are also beingemployed to increase the operation envelope on the ROVs,allowing real-time model-based positioning and enablingcontinued operations in zero visibility (Beck et al. 2008).Currently, many Work Class ROVs are rated to operate atdepths up to 10,000 ft (3050 m).CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DE
46、FINITIONS2.1NotationNot used in this document.2.2DefinitionsACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions throughan online resource, “ACI Concrete Terminology,” http:/terminology.concrete.org. Definitions provided hereincomplement that resource.admixture, anti-washout (AWA)a concrete admixturetha
47、t reduces the loss of fine material from concrete whenplaced in water.repairto replace or correct deteriorated, damaged, orfaulty materials, components, or elements of a structure.repair, nonstructuralhalting or slowing deteriorationwithout intending to affect the structural capacity of a member.rep
48、air, structurala repair that addresses deteriorationand re-establishes or enhances the structural capacity of amember.repair systemsthe combination of materials andtechniques used in the repair of a structure.strengtheningincreasing the load-carrying capacity ofa structural component beyond its curr
49、ent capacity, orrestoring a damaged structural component to its originaldesign capacity.surface preparationthe removal of deteriorated orcontaminated concrete or steel using a method, or combinationFig. 1.4Remotely operated vehicle. (Figure courtesy ofMichael J. Garlich.)Fig. 1.5Flying eyeball remotely operated vehicle. (Figurecourtesy of Sub-Atlantic, Inc.)Fig. 1.6Work class remotely operated vehicle. (Figurecourtesy of Oceaneering, Inc.)UNDERWATER REPAIR OF CONCRETE 546.2R-5of methods, to roughen or clean the subs
